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C805 - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE
MRSA - Answers - "antibiotic-resistant form of Staph infection that commonly develops on the skin; red, swollen, rash; transmitted usually skin to skin; multi-drug resistant organism difficult to treat can progress into blood, bone, lung, or skin infections, can be life-threatening" Malaria - Answers - fever, chills, sweating and other flu like symptoms; transmitted by mosquitos; anemia, jaundice, fever, and malaise due to the destruction of RBCs Staph Infection - Answers - caused by a Staphylococcus (or "staph") bacteria; range from a simple boil to antibiotic-resistant infections to flesh-eating infections; symtoms include red, swollen skin w/ pus, and warm to touch Active Immunity - Answers - immunity that results from the own production of antibodies Passive Immunity - Answers - immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal; immunizations Malignant Tumors - Answers - metastatic capabilities; slow growth; distorted shape; abnormal cells; cancerous tumors; develop when cells grow uncontrollably; can grow quickly and spread throgh they body by metastasis Benign Tumors - Answers - abnormal cells; remain localized; rarely reoccur; slow grwoth; distorted shape; types of benign tumors; Adenoma, Osteoma, Nevi/Moles, Fibroids, Myomas, Lipomas; mass of cells (tumor) that lack the ability to invade neighboring tissue or metastasize Non-Hodkin's lymphoma - Answers - cancer that originates in your lymphatic system; develops from lymphocytes - WBCs. Painless, swollen lymph nodes in your neck, armpits, or groin Metastasis - Answers - development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer; commonly develops when cancer cells break away from the main tumor and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system Near Drowning - Answers - Respiratory distress; breathing fluid or not enough oxygenated blood; the larynx (a part of the air passage) closes involuntarily, preventing both air and water from entering the lungs Asphyxiation - Answers - lack of oxygen coupled with accumulating carbon dioxide in the blood, may result from carbon monoxide poisoning, near drowning, hypoventilation, airway obstruction, or inhalation of toxic fumes.
Allergies - Answers - nose hairs, sneezing, inflamed nasal passages, watery eyes. Second Degree Burn - Answers - Skin appears red and swollen, very painful, w/ skin blisters Closed fractures - Answers - break in bone, skin intact Open or Compound fracture - Answers - break where the wound is leading down to fracture or bone breaks skin Comminuted fracture - Answers - shattering fracture Colles fracture - Answers - break in the end of the radius in wrist; often occurs when the wrist is extended to break a fall Greenstick fracture - Answers - bone partially bent or split, occurs with soft bones Common dislocations - Answers - shoulder, hip, jaw, knee, spine, and elbow Sprains - Answers - stretching/tearing of ligaments Strain - Answers - stretching/tearing of muscle or tissue Rickets - Answers - only occurs in children (growth plates have not fused); softening and weakening of bones in children, usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency Osteomyelitis - Answers - softening of your bones, most often caused by severe vitamin D deficiency. The softened bones of children and young adults with osteomalacia can lead to bowing during growth, especially in weight-bearing bones of the legs. Gout - Answers - disease of the uric acid metabolism, typically joint pain in big toe; deposits will build up around joints; characterized by, kidney stones, urea in blood and renal dysfunction Herniated disk - Answers - common on site l4-l5; disc pushes on nerves causing discomfort in lower back; symptoms include severe back pain, paresthesia Plantar fasciitis - Answers - inflammation of a thick band of tissue that connects the heel bone to the toes Paget's Disease - Answers - high rate of bone turnover, bone is replaced by coarse/irregular bone; hydroxyproline enlargement and thickening of the bone Lordosis - Answers - curving inward of the lower back; also called sway back. Affects lumbar/lower spine
Keratosis pilaris - Answers - skin colored bumps that may form rough patches, typically cosmetic condition Plantar Warts - Answers - small growths, usually appear on the heels/feet; caused by human papillomavirus Urticaria (wheal) - Answers - hives, generally caused by allergic immune response/body releasing histamine; round and red, can cover a small/large area; causes inflammation and fluid to produce under the skin Rosacea - Answers - condition that causes redness and often small, red, pus-filed bumps on the face Scabies - Answers - contagious, intensely itchy kin condition caused by a tiny burrowing mite Skin cancer/Basal Cell - Answers - often appears as a slightly transparent bump on the skin, though it can take other forms; occurs most often on areas of the skin that are exposed to the sun, such as your head and neck. Tinea pedis - Answers - fungal infection that usually beings between the toes; aka athletes foot Vitiligo - Answers - disease that causes the loss of skin color in blotches Transients CVA's (Mini-strokes) or Ischemic Stroke - Answers - accounts for 70-80% of brain attacks; impaired conciousness; hemiparesis; interruption of blood flow; temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain - occlusion of blood vessels Hemorrhagic CVA's (Strokes) - Answers - Ruptrue of blood vessel causes bleeding inside the brain; Higher fatality rates;n Impaired consciousness; Hemiparesis Hematoma - Answers - solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues Subdural Hematoma - Answers - subnormal blood pressure and temperature; pool of blood between the brain and its outermost covering; slurred speech, difficulty walking, and dilated pupils Cerebral Concussion - Answers - temporary loss of consciousness; period of amnesia; dilated pupils; hostillity and combativeness; brain injury caused by a blow to the head or a violent shaking of the head and body; injuries can have both temporary and lasting effects Cerebral Contusion - Answers - convulsion; brain injury that causes blood to collect under the skin; range from relatively minor to life-threatening
Head Trauma - Answers - any sort of injury to your brain, skull, or scalp Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/ALS/Lou Gehrig's - Answers - nervous system disease that weakens muscles and impacts physical function Alzheimer Disease - Answers - progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions Bells Palsy - Answers - Sudden weakness in the muscles on one half of the face Peripheral neuropathy - Answers - weakness, numbness, and pain from nerve damage, usually in the hands and feet; causes Vitamin B12 deficiency & lead poisioning Parkinson Disease - Answers - disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors, slow progression Bradykinesia - Answers - Slowness of movement and is one of the cardinal manifestations of Parkinson's disease Multiple Sclerosis/MS - Answers - disease in which the immune system easts away at the protective covering of nerves; transient motor and sensory disturbances; communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body Meniere's Disease - Answers - inner ear disorder that causes episodes of vertigo, dizziness, with ringing and buzzing in the ear and hearing loss. Untreated Ear Infections (Otitis Media) - Answers - inflammation of the middle ear, if not treated, serious consequences can occur such as temporary or permenant hearing loss Otosclerosis - Answers - growth of new bone that is fixed; permenant hearing loss; Glaucoma - Answers - condition of increased pressure withing the eyeball, causing gradual loss of sight Cataracts - Answers - condition in which the lens of the eye becomes progressively opaque, resulting in blurred vision Retinal Detachment - Answers - when part of the eye (the retina) pulls away from supportive tissue Alcoholism - Answers - Vitamin B12 deficiency can be attributed to: Folic Acid anemia - Answers - deficiency of vitamin B12; lack of folic acid; reduce production of RBCs; megaloblastic - RBCs are larger than normal; characterized by weakness, fatigue, anorexia, pallor, forgetfulness, irritability, and diarrhea
Lyme Disease - Answers - transmitted by the bite of an infected black-legged tick, commonly known as a deer tick; symptoms bulls-eye-pattern, non-itchy painful, warm Shingles - Answers - reactivation of the chickenpox virus in the body, causing lesions on trunk of body Rubella - Answers - contagious viral disease; distinctive red rash; caused by a different virus than measles, and is not as severe as measles Varicella - Answers - Chicken Pox caused by the varicella-zoster virus; highly contagious viral infection causing an itchy, blister-like rash on the skin Viral hemorrhagic fever/VHFs - Answers - infectious diseases that can cause severe, life-threatening illness; spread by contact with infected animals, people or insects; Some VHF's include, dengue, ebola, lassa, marburg, yellow fever West Nile virus - Answers - mosquito-transmitted virus that spreads in blood; diagnosis by blood test Atherosclerosis - Answers - build-up of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls; restricts blood flow; develops gradually; symptoms can include pain/cramping in lower leg Angina Pectoris - Stable Angina - Answers - "predictable" symptoms; engage in physical activity at various levels of intensity, expect shortness of breath, chest pressure, neck, jaw or shoulder pain; when you stop the activity, symptoms also cease. Angina Pectoris - Unstable - Answers - chest pain and other symptoms of cardiovascular disease are of new onset, worsening, becoming more frequent or occurring with less exertion; aka acute coronary syndrome Myocardial Infarction - Answers - aka heart attack; flow of blood to the heart is blocked; blockage is most often a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances, which form a plaque in the arteries that feed the heart (coronary arteries) Mitral Stenosis - Answers - Obstructed blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, patient also had childhood rhumatic fever and atrial fibrillation Heart dysrhythmias - Atrial Fibrillation - Answers - Quivering or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) that can lead to blood clots, stroke, heart failure. Heart feels like its racing along with palpitations. Atrial fibrillation is a rapid heart rate caused by chaotic electrical impulses in the atria. These signals result in rapid, uncoordinated, weak contractions of the atria. Bradycardia - Answers - Really slow heart beat
Tachycardia - Answers - Abnormal fast heart beat Congestive heart failure - Answers - occurs when your heart muscle doesn't pump blood as well as it should; certain conditions, such as narrowed arteries in your heart (coronary artery disease) or high blood pressure, gradually leave your heart too weak or stiff to fill and pump efficiently Pleuritis/Pleurisy - Answers - the pleura (two large, thin layers of tissue that separate your lungs from your chest wall) becomes inflamed; causes sharp chest pain (pleuritic pain) that worsens during breathing; membranes rub against each other like sandpaper, producing pain Valvular diseases - Answers - characterized by damage to or a defect in one of the four heart valves: the mitral, aortic, tricuspid or pulmonary Endocarditis/Infective Endocarditis - Answers - infection caused by bacteria that enter the bloodstream and settle in the heart lining, a heart valve or a blood vessel; people with some heart conditions have a greater risk Pericarditis - Answers - inflammation of the pericardium, two thin layers of a sac-like tissue that surround the heart, hold it in place and help it work; possibly rubbing against the heart; also caused by metastasized neoplasms, rhumatic fever, uremia, or hypothyroidism Berylliosis - Answers - metal poisoning caused by inhalation of beryllium dusts,vapors, or it's compounds Chronic asthma - Answers - chronic, longterm condition, in which your airways narrow and swell and produce extra mucus; difficult to breath and trigger coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath; no cure can be controlled Bronchiectasis - Answers - chronic condition where the walls of the bronchi are thickened from inflammation and infection; causes coughing up more mucus due to scarred tissue in the bronchi Silicosis - Answers - lung disease casued by breathing in tiny bits of silica; xray would show small nodular lesions throughout, mainly concentrated in the upper areas Pulmonary Emphysema - Answers - chronic condition; ofter caused by smoking; casues shortness of breath; air sacs (alveoli) are damaged that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide Pulmonary Tuberculosis - Answers - bacteria lung infection; caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; contagious; lesions of calcified inflamed granular tissue; necrosis of lung tissue
Diverticulitis - Answers - inflammation or infaction in one or more small pouch in the GI tract; pain in the lower abdomen w/ guarding, which is releaved after a bowel movement Hemorrhoids - Answers - inflamed veins in the rectum/anus that cause discomfort and bleeding Hernias - Answers - occurs when an organ pushes through an opening in the muscle or tissue that holds it in place; physically able to see the obtrusion Appendicitis - Answers - inflammation of the appendix, a finger-shaped pouch that projects from your colon on the lower right side of your abdomen GERD - Barretts Esophogus - Answers - complication of GERD; normal tissue lining esophagus changes to tissue that resembles the lining of the intestine; increase the risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma, which is a serious, potentially fatal cancer of the esophagus Cirrhosis - Answers - late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver casued by many forms of diseases and conditions, such as hepatities and chronic alcoholism and long-term acetaminophen therapy Irritable Bowel Syndrome - Answers - disorder that affects the large intestine Peptic Ulcer - Answers - open sores that develops on the inside lining of the stomach and the upper portion of the small intestine/duodenum; positive for H.pylon; treated w/ antibiotics and supplemental RBC Ulcerative Colitis - Answers - IBD, causes long-lasting inflammation and ulcers in the GI tract; affects the innermost lining of the large intestine; colon, and rectum Colon Cancer - Answers - cancer that begins in the large insting (colon); begins as small, noncancerous (benign) clumps of cells called polyps that form on the inside of the colon; over time polyps can becom cancerous Pancreatic Cancer - Answers - abdominal pain radiating to the back, weight loss, weakness, fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting; Jaundice present; cancer begins in the tissues of your pancreas; growths occur in the pancreas, some cancerous some not; most common type of cancer that forms in the pancreas begins in the cells that line the ducts that carry digestive enzymes out of the pancreas Heamturia - Answers - Blood in urine Protienuria - Answers - Too much protien in urine Dysuria - Answers - Painful urination
Oliguria - Answers - Small amounts of urination Cystitis - Answers - inflammation of the bladder, common cause UTI; symptoms are dysuria, frequency and pain above pubic area Pyelonephritis - Answers - infection of the kidney; type of UTI that generally begins in your urethra or bladder and travels to one or both kidneys Glomerulonephritis - Answers - infection blockage of the kidney's nephrons; inflammation of the tiny filters in the kidneys(Glomeruli remove excess fluid and pass them into your urine); hematuria, protienuria, & oliguria Renal Calculi (uroliths) - Answers - urinary/kidney stones; hard deposits made of minerals and slats that form inside your kidneys Bladder Cancer - Answers - cells lining the urinary bladder lose the ability to regulate their growth and start dividing uncontrollably; UTI typical complication, treated by transurethal resection or cystectomy Renal Cell Carcinoma - Answers - most common type of kidney cancer; 90% are cancerous tumors; Nephrotic Syndrome - Answers - Kidney disorder that causes you body to pass too much protein in your urine; caused by damage to the clusters of small blood vessels in kidneys End-stage Renal Disease - Answers - kidneys are only functioning at 10 to 15 percent of their normal capacity; dialysis or transplant are only options. Symptoms of itching or hiccups present, decreased alertness, mental confustion, pale skin, weight loss, easy bruising/bleeding, decreased urine output Dialysis - Answers - process for removing waste and excess water from the blood and is used primarily as an artificial replacement for lost kidney function, 2-4 hours; dialysis when you develop end stage kidney failure --usually by the time you lose about 85 to 90 percent of your kidney function and have a GFR of <15. Hemodialysis - Answers - Hemodialysis uses a machine and a filter to remove waste products and water from the blood; process takes 3 to 5 hours Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy - Answers - commonly used to provide renal support for critically ill patients with acute kidney injury, particularly patients who are hemodynamically unstable Diabetes mellitus - Answers - Diabetes mellitus is more commonly known simply as diabetes. It's when your pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin to control the amount
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) - Answers - Infection of the female sex organs, swollen tubes, scar tissue. sudden pelvic pain, foul-smelling vaginal discharge, abnormal bleeding; Sympoms include fever, foul-smelling vaginal discharge, metrorrhea, and sudden pelvic pain; Pap show cervical dysplasia Ovarian Cancer - Answers - Symptoms of urinary urgency, pelvic pain, abdominal pressure or fullness and bloating. Usually surgery to remove tumor. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) - Answers - hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS may have infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods or excess male hormone (androgen) levels
