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CALT Exam Study Guide 2
closed syllable - A syllable with only one vowel, closed at the end by a consonant. (A vowel in a closed syllable is short, code it with a breve). open syllable - A syllable with only one vowel and it is open at the end. (A vowel in an open accented syllable is long, code it with a macron). vowel team - A syllable with a vowel digraph. (Underline the digraphs, arc diphthongs). Vowel consonant e - A syllable with a vowel, followed by a consonant with a final e. (Vowel consonant e, the vowel will be long, code it with a macron, the e will be silent, cross it out). Final Stable Syllable - A syllable type that comes in the final position of a word. It has a hint of a vowel sound, and the syllable before it is accented. (Bracket the Final Stable Syllable, accent the syllable before it). R Controlled Syllable - A syllable that has a vowel followed by r in which an unexpected combination is read. (Arc the vowel r combination). digraph - two adjacent letters in a word that make one sound combination - Two letters that come together in an unexpected way. (example: qu, wh, or, ar, ir, ur, er) diphthong -
Two adjacent vowels in the same syllable that glide together. (Code it with an arc) (example: ow, ou, oi, oy) trigraph - Three adjacent letters in a syllable that represent one sound. (examples: tch, dge, igh) quadrugraph - Four adjacent letters in a syllable that represent one sound. (example: eigh) phoneme - The smallest unit of sound morpheme - The smallest unit of meaning. The smallest forms or units of language (base word, root, prefix, suffix, or combining form) that carry meaning. Alphabetic Principle - The relationship between letters in a left to right orientation, and phonemes ordered in a specific temporal sequence in a spoken word. The English language operates on this code of approximately 44 speech sounds and 26 letters. Explicit, systematic, sequential instruction. About 75% of the school population will deduce the ____________________________ _____________________ or code. 25% need explicit instruction. 4 (because x has 2 sounds)! - How many phonemes in mix? 3 (because digraph th and digraph ow have one sound each) - How many phonemes in throw? When followed by e, i, or y - When does g make the j sound bwF (voiced) -ed = (d) ex. milled
When do we spell the medial (long e) as e-e? bw+ -C=+ bwF CC+-V=+ bwF VV+-V=+ bwF VV+-V=+ If you have a bw plus a consonant suffix, you just add. If you have a bw and you are adding a vowel suffix, you look at the last 3 letters, if the last 2 letters are consonants then you just add. If you have a bw and you are adding a vowel suffix, you look at the last 3 letters, if 2 of the letters are a vowel team, then you just add. - What are the just add rules? bwF_VC'+ -V=X If you have a base word, and you are adding a vowel suffix, you look at the last 3 letters, if you have one vowel, one consonant, and one accent, then you double the final consonant and add the vowel suffix. - What is the doubling rule? bwF_Ce -V= _C-V If you have a base word, and in final position you have a consonant and a silent e, and you are adding a vowel suffix, then you drop the final e, and add the vowel suffix. - What is the dropping rule? If you have a word with a final consonant and y, and you are adding a (consonant or a vowel) suffix, change the y to i and add the suffix. (If the suffix begins with an i, then you just add). - What is the changing rule? e, o, u - Which vowels are half-long in open, unaccented syllables? Old Anglo Saxon words. i or o +C = long i or long o examples: wild, old - What are wild, old words?
tr - What is the onset in tram? am - What is the rime in tram? Orton (1879-1948) was a neurologist and Gillingham (1878-1963) was a psychologist and educator. Gillingham and Bessie Stillman wrote the Gillingham manual which was published in 1935/36. They advocated for multisensory structured language education. - Who were Samuel Orton and Anna Gillingham? Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children - Where did Alphabetic Phonics originate? Linkages link the properties of the grapheme to phoneme and phoneme to grapheme through the sense modalities. - What is the rationale for linkages? a disability which makes it difficult to write. (handwriting) - What is dysgraphia? Adolph Kussmaul - A German neurologist who introduced and described the term word blindness in 1878. Rudolph Berlin - A German ophthalmologist who used the word dyslexia in 1897 to replace the term word blindness. Simultaneous, multisensory, systematic and cumulative, direct instruction, diagnostic teaching, synthetic and analytic. - What are the principles of multisensory teaching? Samuel Orton -
Spelling skill is based mainly on the integration and application of which linguistic processes? There are (3).
