Carbon and it's compounds, Summaries of Chemistry

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CARBON AND iTs ComPounDs Catbon:- #fitormic No-- Suz CEB) 9 VE ue = #76 attain Noble gas octet 8é Requires lotoencre configuration - is 6 protons In Aiaens calllpulle Le ecarbon ch has to y lose Ye > ot i pee. cull fo hold 10¢ caain ue § toll @ protons i nucleus; x50 caubon shaves 4 and always fosm covalent boncls and Covalent compounds. Properties of GovalentCompounds (oGtenerally Poor conductor opelecticity. eAbsbnce of ions. (ijGenevally low melting and Boiling points. eBecausethey have weak Intermole- cular porces. © formation ofcla + C1 (I) = 25,44 valence shel] 2” dot structure -- clx—y—« cl) singlécovalentBond @ Formation of 02 Ols) =26 Yo attain stability o needs Se" in last{Valenceshell. e-dotshrucuse— oso Double ovalent Bond © Formation of Not NU = 25 N N : ‘FiipleCovaleritoond Naming *learn Le - Meth 6GHex Qc- eth ye-Hept 3c- Prop gc-oct 4c~ But 4c-Non Be~ Pent loc-Dee Carbon Caibon single bond ~ ane Alkanes Methane cH, noon n yn Ethane GH, nen 4a H iil Pronae: ol a ee had ug Furane Cate So a HHH Formata- CnHant2 Carbon Carbon doublebond =ene Alkene Alkene_ ETHENE, QH+ TENE Eke wy er th te PROPENE| _GHE7 | 4 ww Lh, i BUTENE CAH, » TLL, freeite | PENTENE CsHi0 HHH HOH | fresistoten | 4 HHH Fosmula:- CnHan-2 Functional Group ; Atoms oy eee of atoms which ives chémteal properties to ‘compound. ua sutts OL att OW ethanol i a ntayae thy wis ‘al! surione® time he uti Oic acid’ Homologous Series 3- A series of compound with same functional Spoup, sane General pormula and Sitiilar chemical proparites where cach consecuttve member dippers by —cHs . gt Alkane = Coane. Alkene = Cntlan army L chy Neate cog cay Cae = t2amy R= Lamy (u Molecular mase increase moving up homologous series. chy ~yeyig peat CoMeting andbiling pln wp the sexes. Regen My inchease sill molealar il tar hysical Properties ie sot aa (3) chemical properties ave same por a homologous seTles- Reason- chemical properties ave same because of funchonal rar which xemains same ins « ‘Tsomevs!= compounds with same Tolecutas pormulg but dirperent structure and this phenomenon 1s called tsomerism - ty Butane cycy * “phe 46 chain (4) Ha¢Fhe— at —-CHa straight chain (by Agee eng Ooh Cahed & {@ Hate. fay propanal. ‘Aldehyde &) tix-O-ong > propanone Ketone d Cornpounds Saturated Compound 3— ¥Which hag carbon - ¥Whicir has cagben- Carbon carbon Double oY singles bonds only triple Bond eo co gence Cm (sae Gi) GED lt ¥ less Reactive 4 Readiveunstable. ¥ Move Reactive ing oF Casbon rw) f uN AN, w 4 “f ft nme a Hee vai rH a An RS ue a icloherane. . , ta oR "C ate Saterated Compounds Fe einai —f Sn ot Hoe NF 4 Benzene (Gio Allatropy:— “The phenomenon of existence ofan element (nfwo ormare forms which have different Prysical properties bu} Identical chemitcal properties. * carbon exist in different parms innatse like Diamond and Grraphite. This phenomenon Is called allotrophy and these different forms are called allotropes. «Grvaphite is smooth and slippery. « Piamond is hardest substance. Catenation — cece ® Property of casban toselp link an form tong chains of carbon atoms, branched chain of cavbon atoms or cving of carbon ators. eThis is the biggest yeason that Carbon s Millions of compounds. cood, paper clothes, Human body ail contains carbon compounds . Tetravalency~ ‘carbon forms four covalent bonds.due to small size of carbon it's compounds are highly stable. ETHANOL Lous tH oH] * *k * * QcHis-CHa—0H tana OR Rca Bens acts ctr ona HES ithe (sodlumethoxider — ind aK CHC OH (ets Excess 6 Heals we CH= CHa F Ha {ethene Cone Hasoy Del Hing agent haifpani nikal oy his “reaction 1s called Dehydration opeinanal- (3) cH citron nan Ate permanganate) (ethanat) a em acidig L,ortteat cisco RS rer ethanateaelt (colourless, ands. are oxidising, ent This oxidation of hakole Badan colour of Alkaltne KMNoy dl'sappeaes - -Ltswote clo (ch coh) Reaction of Acid —— Hons velease of onter -to ethanol happens- Purp! (I) CHy-CoOH + NaoH > cgcooNa tetas (Acid) cBase) (Goi etnanoasy 9 tecdiumsalty (2) Aetts-coctt +Nqy603 —y 2cHgt00Na‘t Goat Hae (Acid) {Meral (salt) carbonate) CHy-coon + NaHcos > culyooNat coat Hao ie u salt) OC atanal for] Test por Coa “Tins lime water milky €95 “and milkiness disappeaé in passing excess of qae- (3) Estecpication ethansicacid +éthanol ony coolt + Hy ce fou cHyeoo= CHhrety + Hg0 (ster) xs Ester apesweet smelling substances, sed in making pesfiumes an firvouring agente {W) Saponipication - Ester+ NaoH eWarcag ete thy + NaOH CHy-Cth-OH + CHgcopNa fetianod a (Seapraisa) _ Addition Reaction :~ Sp nasty) « Unsaturated compounds filkene, Bikynes CH=CH, + Hy ckelcatlst cHg-cHy tetheney Plantim 4. tethane) Palladinura (atterated) o Hydrogenation - Addition of Hydrogen » Reaction is used in Hydrogenation of vegaiable oil '* a Substitution Reaction:~ Fos saturated compounds Alkane CHut Gln Sunlight, cHtact + Hcl imethane} (chlorcmethane) eatuvaled Compound ave less-reachive. Combustor 3—= (y Complete Combustion (in supply opaic) coa +hho + Heat CHyt 01 ——> C024 H36 + Heat CHacHaoH * 30, ——> 2C0t 3120 + Heat Sed ydacaabon clean Bae ine Unsaturated H yctrozarkon —s yellvoflame swith lot of btacksmoke 'G 2Nancemplete Combustion.» Itmited supely oF air felipe «Product are 420,00 and ¢ (black carbon $008) Soaps s- * Molecules of soaps ave sodium potassium salty oF Tong-chain Carboxylte acids. crail ¥ ie (Head) Hydra al Hydsophilic Up icbe = most of the dist tsoil. Head - Towards water Yall, - Towards oil Micelles Hardwatet:= + water that contains of calcium and Mq salts, bicarbonates, chlorides, sulphates « Soap tithey are sediam gals oplong chain patty acids . tnsoaps cantot be used with hard wo i ive § herd UiyDa at give foam with twiThey form precipatate with sails! present in Hard water Detergents tiiThese axe sodium ar potassium salts of sulphonic acids of hydaocatbans. djDetesgents work well vith hard and sect water both - GiiGitve foam with hard water. tiDo not gost precipate with hard voater- QUESTION-7) (athy does carbon porm compounds mainly b i ioWihet ‘makes carbon exceptionally stable tn is rear ighivite the ‘number of covalent borids in the molecule of butane CuHjo- caolS 2019, 9020,20235 QUESTION-8) You want totest For hardness of water, buthayd water is not available tn the lab oratory, Which of the pollowing compounds may be dissolved in pure oa ‘make if “hard? . (Hydrogen carbonate ofcodium (2020, 201F, 2015) 20231 (is ulpha 2 OF mmagnesitim Cee et Secdlum ona . . Mer eet ihe Gomect option and explaire ourrchoice- QUESTION - 4) @) With the help of a diagsam show the pormation of micelles when soap Is applied foonty dist- explain how the govmation of micelles helps in cleaning clothes with ‘areasy stains. (b) Take twotest tubes X and Y, each containing LomL of the © Th test tube x 'add a few cops of soapsolution - hardwater - o In test tbe 'y’add a few drops of detergents solution - e Shake both test tubes forthe same period - (Tn which test tube will foam formation be move? Why? diy Thuhich test tube will acusdy solfd porm? Why? fy hlould you be able tocheck if water iehaed using 4 et gent. gusttey out answer. C2023, 2016 , 2013) QUESNON-I) Ya) A compound * undergpes an addition reaction with Ha to ‘y’. which has q molecular mass of 30 g/mol. ox’ decolorizes bromine water and burns with ¢smoky flame. ° Identity 'y’ and'y’ and arite the chemical equations ‘of the veaction dq. form compound invely . . . (ycaery ou the pollowing conversions , menttoning the conditions vequised for ‘each reaction. vethanoie acid gram ethanol . (2020,2.049 2016) « ethane from ethene. ft) @ Draw the shuchises of propanol, Propanone , Butanoic acid 5 GQUESTION- chiovopensane- Gi) Name the pollowing: (a) He yo (b)CHg—CH- CH= CHa. Hoo c—-H Se (2020-20251 H Asked in CBSE Formate changed,