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= Class X Science | Chapter 4 | a Pl Revision Notes = == + Pa Nature of Carbon; ee 6 (2,4) pele an A Earth’s Crust: 0.02% Atmosphere: 0.03% (CO>) v The Covalent Bandit Bond formed by sharing electron pairs between atoms. ls Why sharing? Carbon is Tetravalent (4 valence e). Gaining 4 or Losing *% 4 is energetically difficult. Solution > Share! + Versatile Nature: * Catenation : Self-linking property to form long chains, branches, or rings. * Tetravalency : Capable of bonding with 4 other atoms (H, O, Cl, N). +e Z———7 + * Ss = &\ NotebookLM Saturated ~ Unsaturated Unsaturated Single Bond Double Bond _ _ Triple Bond SE — A —— 5 ee ee =m &\ NotebookLM Isomers: Compounds with the same Molecular Formula mC. but different Structural Formula. + esa 4 4* : + CyHy9 Ch; Cy Hag ° GH3—Ch>—Cho—Chs Crk Ch — Chis n-Butane CH3 !so-butane Benzene (C,H,) +. risk Aromatic Hydrocarbon ac Cyclic Structure A\ NotebookLM CEE ty + “4, + A family of compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties. ry a Key Characteristics: e Successive members differ by a -CH2- unit. e Successive members differ by ‘4u in ae *y atomic mass. aaa | : Monkeys Eat Peeled Bananas e Chemical properties: Same. M = Methane (1C) E = Ethane (2C) e Physical properties: Gradual change papiipnt ac) fh + (e.g. melting point rises). B = Butane (UC) CHE Combustion (Burning) | + {c + 0, —> CO, + Heat + Light | ut ce - Saturated —> Clean Blue Flame (Complete combustion) - Unsaturated — Sooty Yellow Flame (Incomplete combustion) / SY Oxidation | \ a Adding Oxygen to Alcohols. Tig =) Ethanol —Alk-KHnOu/ Heat]. Est anoic Acid | a \ Reagents: Alkaline KMnO, or Acidified K,Cr,03 (Oxidizing Agents). ); aves + Compound Spotlight: Ethanol Formula: C2Hs5OH . | aac * Liquid at room temp, i aa * Soluble in water, - Active ingredient in medicines. CH,CH,OH [Hot Conc. H2SO,] CH,=CH, + H,0 =—=——___y Conc. H2SO, is the dehydrating agent. (Test for Aleohol) 2Na + 2CH3CH,OH rad = 2CH3CH,O-Nat + H,// (Sodium Ethoxide) x *% &\ NotebookLM +, Compound Spotlight: Ethanoic Acid ,* Formula: CH3COOH (Acetic Acid) - 5-8% solution = Vinegar ¢ Pure acid freezes in winter = Glacial Acetic Acid T Ester Bik Acid + Alcohol “> Ester + Water a Bicarbonates fe) CH,COOH + Na,CO, —> = CH,COONa +H,0 + CO» fe Brisk Effervescence. A\ NotebookLM Sweet smelling substance (Perfumes). 1. Hydrophobic tails attach to dirt/oil. 2. Hydrophilic heads stay in water. 3. Forms radial structure: Micelle. 4 Emulsion is washed away. ” Soa p vs. J Ae ta LE I, The Problem: (Scum) The Sebition oaagets —« Hard water contains Ca. te =f Abmohilirr or Sulphonate = —_and Mg Saltss at | _|salts. 3 | res - Advantage: Do NOT form © d Be Ca/Mg ions. Le - Soap reacts with them Re => Forms. insoluble SHES scum w f he ASaueb) + Result: Effective in jaa fe 
