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Cardiovascular System: Anatomy, Physiology, and Function, Lecture notes of Anatomy

Our Lady of Fatima University (OLFU)Anatomy

- Comprehensive coverage of cardiovascular system anatomy - In-depth understanding of blood flow dynamics - Learn about common cardiovascular diseases and their pathophysiology - Tailored specifically for nursing students to excel in patient care - Visually pleasing and easy to understand lecture notes

Typology: Lecture notes

2023/2024

Uploaded on 04/30/2024

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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Cardiovascular System
a closed system of the heart and blood vessels
function is to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove
carbon dioxide and other waste products
Pulmonary Circulation
the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs and
back to the left side of the heart through vessels
Systemic Circulation
the left side of the heart pumps blood to all other tissues
of the body and back to the right side of the heart through
vessels
Functions
generating blood pressure
routing blood
ensuring one way blood flow
regulating blood supply
HEART
Heart
a muscular organ that pumps blood through the body
pumps approx. 5L / min of blood
size of a closed fist
is located between the lungs and thoracic cavity
Coverings
Pericardium
double layered sac that anchors and protects heart
Parietal Pericardium
membrane around the heart’s cavity
Visceral Pericardium
membrane on the heart’s surface
Pericardial Cavity
space around the heart
Layers
Epicardium
surface of the heart (outside)
Myocardium
thick, middle layer composed of cardiac muscle
Endocardium
smooth, inner layer
3 LAYERS OF THE HEART WALL
RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART
pulmonary circuit
carries blood from heart to lungs
blood is O2 poor, CO2 rich
Right Atrium
receives blood from 3 places: superior and inferior vena
cava, and coronary sinus
Superior Vena Cava
drains blood above diaphragm (head, neck, thorax, upper
limbs)
Inferior Vena Cava
drains blood below diaphragm (abdominopelvic cavity
and lower limbs)
Coronary Sinus
drains blood from myocardium
Right Ventricle
opens into pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary Trunk
splits into right and left pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary Arteries
carry blood away from heart to lungs
LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART
systemic Circuit
carries blood from heart to body
blood is O2 rich, CO2 poor
Left Atrium
4 openings (pulmonary veins) that receive blood from
lings
Left Ventricle
opens into aorta
thicker, contracts more forcefully, higher blood pressure
than right ventricle
Aorta
carries blood from left ventricle to body
BLOOD FLOW THROUGH HEART
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Pulmonary Trunk
Pulmonary Arteries
Lungs
Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
Bicuspid Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Aorta
Body
SIZE, FORM, AND LOCATION
Apex
blunt, rounded point of the heart
Base
larger, flat part at the opposite end of the heart
Mediastinum
midline portion
Pericardial Cavity
surrounding cavity of the heart
pf3

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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Cardiovascular System a closed system of the heart and blood vessels function is to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide and other waste products Pulmonary Circulation the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart through vessels Systemic Circulation the left side of the heart pumps blood to all other tissues of the body and back to the right side of the heart through vessels Functions generating blood pressure routing blood ensuring one way blood flow regulating blood supply

HEART

Heart a muscular organ that pumps blood through the body pumps approx. 5L / min of blood size of a closed fist is located between the lungs and thoracic cavity Coverings Pericardium double layered sac that anchors and protects heart Parietal Pericardium membrane around the heart’s cavity Visceral Pericardium membrane on the heart’s surface Pericardial Cavity space around the heart Layers Epicardium surface of the heart (outside) Myocardium thick, middle layer composed of cardiac muscle Endocardium smooth, inner layer

3 LAYERS OF THE HEART WALL

RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART

pulmonary circuit carries blood from heart to lungs blood is O2 poor, CO2 rich Right Atrium receives blood from 3 places: superior and inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus Superior Vena Cava drains blood above diaphragm (head, neck, thorax, upper limbs) Inferior Vena Cava drains blood below diaphragm (abdominopelvic cavity and lower limbs) Coronary Sinus drains blood from myocardium Right Ventricle opens into pulmonary trunk Pulmonary Trunk splits into right and left pulmonary arteries Pulmonary Arteries carry blood away from heart to lungs

LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART

systemic Circuit carries blood from heart to body blood is O2 rich, CO2 poor Left Atrium 4 openings (pulmonary veins) that receive blood from lings Left Ventricle opens into aorta thicker, contracts more forcefully, higher blood pressure than right ventricle Aorta carries blood from left ventricle to body

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH HEART

Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Right Ventricle Pulmonary Semilunar Valve Pulmonary Trunk Pulmonary Arteries Lungs Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Bicuspid Valve Left Ventricle Aortic Semilunar Valve Aorta Body

SIZE, FORM, AND LOCATION

Apex blunt, rounded point of the heart Base larger, flat part at the opposite end of the heart Mediastinum midline portion Pericardial Cavity surrounding cavity of the heart

PERICARDIUM

Pericardial Fluid produced by the serous pericardium reduces friction as the heart moves

EXTERNAL ANATOMY

Atria entrance chamber Ventricles cavities Coronary Sulcus separates the atria from the ventricles anterior interventricular sulcus, posterior interventricular sulcus Superior and Inferior Vena Cava carry blood to the Right Atrium Pulmonary Trunk and Aorta exit the heart Pulmonary Arteries carry blood to the lungs Aorta carries blood to the rest of the body

INTERNAL ANATOMY

Right and Left Atria receives blood from the veins function as reservoirs; where blood return from veins, collects it before it enter the ventricles Interatrial Septum separates the two aorta Right and Left Ventricle major pumping chambers ejects blood into arteries and forces it to flow through CS Interventricular Septum separates the two ventricles

VALVES

Atrioventricular Valves allows blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles prevents it from flowing back into atria Tricuspid Valve between the Right Atrium and the Right Ventricles Bicuspid / Mitral Valve between the Left Atrium and the Left Ventricle Papillary Muscles cone shaped, muscular pillars prevents the valves from opening into the atria Chordae Tendineae thin, strong connective tissue strings Aortic and Pulmonary Semilunar Valves blocks blood from flowing back into the ventricles Cardiac Skeleton plate of connective tissue, electrical insulation between the atria and the ventricles provides rigid attachment site for cardiac muscle Pericardial Cavity where the heart is located Pericardium / Pericardial Sac surrounds the heart anchors the heart within the mediastinum Fibrous Pericardium a tough, fibrous connective tissue outer layer Serous Pericardium a thin layer of connective tissue Parietal Pericardium outer layer of the serous membrane lines the inside of the fibrous pericardium Visceral Pericardium / Epicardium portion covering the heart surface