Career Development Theory, Slides of Career Counseling

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Career Development

Comps Preparation Study Guide

Give a brief history

of career development.

Discuss the

developmental

approach to career

development.

The developmental approach is based on the theory

that career development occurs through stages over

a period of time. The approach is holistic and

recognizes the interaction of the person with his or

her environment. Vocation guidance in this mode

helps to educate the student and increase skills and

competence. Self-concept, need, and life plan

changes are part of the process. So is the change

or reversal of early career choices. A leading name

in the field is Gottfredson, who devised a four-stage

theory of development

The decision approach to vocational guidance is a

broader perspective than the trait-based approach.

Proponents of this approach think that vocational

education should be an integral part of all students'

entire education. H. B. Gelatt identified two types of

decisions: terminal or final decisions and

investigatory decisions. A person makes investigatory

decisions with added information until he or she

reaches a terminal decision. Gelatt devised a model

that illustrates the decision-making process and

shows information divided into predictive, value, and

decision systems.

Discuss the

actuarial

approach to

career

development.

List Donald Super's

vocational development

stages and vocational

development tasks.

The stages are: (1) Growth - birth to 14 or 15 - self-concept, attitudes, interests, and needs develop, child develops a general understanding of the world of work. (2) Exploratory -15 to 24 - person explores choices through classes, work, and hobbies, makes tentative choice and develops related skills. (3) Establishment - 25 to 44 - builds skills and stabilizes in a work situation. (4) Maintenance - 45 to 64 - adjustments are made to improve job situation. (5) Decline - 65+ person prepares for retirement, retires.

The development tasks are : (1) Crystallization - 14 to 18 -develops and plans a possible occupational goal. (2) Specification -18 to 21- chooses a specific vocation. (3) Implementation - 21 to 24 - completes training and enters the job market. (4) Stabilization - 24 to 35 - works at chosen career. (5) Consolidation - 35+ - establishes self in career. According to Super these tasks can be repeated as a person adapts to changes in himself or herself or the work environment changes. They are also somewhat outdated since they were based on middle class white males with college educations during the 1950s and 1960s.

The Archway Model delineates the changing diversity of life roles a person experiences over his or her life span and illustrates how biographical, psychological, and socioeconomic elements influence the development of a career. The name for the model came from the fact that it was modeled on the doorway of his favorite Cambridge college.

The Life Career Rainbow is a graphic illustration in which each colored band represents a life role and numbers around the outer edge indicate age. The amount of time a person typically spends in each role is indicated by dots of varying sizes within the bands. The Rainbow can be used to help a person find a balance of work and life that is suited to 1imself or herself.

The Career Pattern Study followed the vocational behavior of a group from the ninth grade to thirty years of age. The study revealed that a person who was mature and an achiever while in high school would likely be a successful young adult.

List the life roles

defined by Donald Super.

Explain how the

hexagon relates to

John Holland's

theory.

Holland's hexagon is a graphic illustration of the

correlation between his six personality types and six

occupational environments or categories that he called

themes. The themes are positioned on the hexagon so

that those with the most similarity are closest together

and those with the most differences farther apart.

A person's scores on the Vocational Reference Inventory

and the Self Directed Search determine which work

environment is the best fit for his or her personality.

Holland believed that most people are not clearly of a

single personality type, but will have characteristics from

two or three types.

Using an actuarial approach Holland developed a theory that the choice of career is an outgrowth of personality that is influenced by the stereotypes people hold of different types of employment. He identified six modal personal orientations that he believed all people have in varying degrees. (1)The realistic personality type is active and aggressive, prefers explicit tasks, and may not relate very well to others. Career choices would be mechanical or technical work. (2) The investigative personality is intellectual, prefers creative activities, and may have poor social skills. Typical career choices would be in the sciences or the computer field. (3) Artistic personalities are imaginative and expressive, with a preference for activities that are not rigidly ordered or systematic. Typical career choices would be something in the arts or some other creative field. (4) Social personality types enjoy interaction with others and imparting information and have little interest in tools or mechanical devices. Teaching or counseling would be typical careers for them. (5) Enterprising people are extroverted leaders who are willing to take chances and have little use for abstract thinking. Politics and business are possible careers. (6) Conventional personality types are practical with a dislike for unorganized or ambiguous activities. Possible careers include office work and accounting.

Describe

John Krumboltz's

Learning Theory of

Career Counseling

(LTCC).