Cell Structure and Function, Exercises of Nursing

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Human

Anatomy and

Physiology

16th Edition

Welsh Chapter

1 - 20 Review

The primary stimulus for insulin secretion - ANSWER>>>INCREASED BLOOD GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION The zygote (fertilized egg) has the ability to produce all the various types of cells found. Therefor is is a - ANSWER>>>Pluripotent cell emphasizes cause and effect mechanisms. - ANSWER>>>Physiology In a feedback loop, the integrating center sends information to the - ANSWER>>>Effector What is not a function of neuroglia? - ANSWER>>>Conduct impulses to effectors The epithelial tissue that lines the urinary bladder allows distention is called - ANSWER>>>Epithelium Both .. and .. are the regulators of effectors in most feedback loops. - ANSWER>>>Hormones, nerve impulses The normal range of arterial blood pH is - ANSWER>>>7.35 - 7. If blood glucose levels decrease from normal, which of the following changes takes place to bring glucose levels back to normal? - ANSWER>>>DECREASE IN INSULIN - INCREASE IN GLUCAGON The endocrine and nervous systems are considered --- homeostatic regulatory mechanisms. - ANSWER>>>Extrinsic Contraction of --- muscle can be consciously controlled. - ANSWER>>>Skeletal Which of the following is NOT a primary tissue of the body? - ANSWER>>>OSSEUOS Which of the following is NOT an example of exocrine gland? - ANSWER>>>Testes/Mammary glands The study of how disease or injury alters physiological processes is termed. - ANSWER>>>Pathophysiology Homeostatic regulatory mechanisms known as -- are built in to the organs being regulated - ANSWER>>>Intrinsic Intake of a specific molecule from the extracellular compartment by cells occurs through. - ANSWER>>>RECEPTOR-MEDICATED ENDOCYTOSIS The plasma membranes is referred to as mosaic because of the presence of - ANSWER>>>Moving proteins in a random arrangment The process by which cells secrete cellular products into the extracellular environment is - ANSWER>>>EXOCYTOSIS

How do small molecules like Na+ or K+ pass through the plasma membrane? - ANSWER>>>ION CHANNELS Secondary active transport - ANSWER>>>UTILIZES ENERGY DIRECTLY THROUGH THE HYDROLYSIS OF ATP Active transport - ANSWER>>>UTILIZES ENERGY THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT, MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY, MEMBRANE SURFACE AREA. - ANSWER>>>The rate of diffusion is influenced by 20% - ANSWER>>>How much of the extracellular fluid comes form the blood plasma? IT IS AN EXAMPLE OF PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT - ANSWER>>>Choose the correct description of the Na+/K+ pump. Passive transport of water is known as - ANSWER>>>OSMOSIS The average resting membrane potential of an axon is - ANSWER>>>-70mV The myelin sheaths of PNS neurons are produced by - ANSWER>>>SCHWANN CELLS Which type of cell lines the ventricles of the brain and help produce cerebrospinal fluid? - ANSWER>>>ependymal cells Choose the statement that correctly describes the structure or function of dentrites? - ANSWER>>>TRANSMIT GRADED ELETROCHEMICAL IMPULSES TOWARD THE CELL BODY Which ion's movement is responsible for repolarization? - ANSWER>>>OUTWARD DIFFUSION OF K+ Which is NOT true of the relative refractory period? - ANSWER>>>NA+ CHANNELS ARE INACTIVATED Which type of neuron is found entirely in the CNS? - ANSWER>>>BOTH INTERNEURON AND ASSOCIATION NEURON ARE CORRECT What is needed to return a membrane to its resting membrane potential, with all ions in the correct locations? - ANSWER>>>Na+/K+ PUMP ACTION The minimum depolarization needed to open Na+ gates is called the - ANSWER>>>THRESHOLD Which division of the nervous system innervates involuntary effectors? - ANSWER>>>AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM The blood brain barrier results mostly from the action of ----, a type of neuroglia. - ANSWER>>>ASTROCYTES What structure, found surrounding the PNS axons, is NOT found surrounding the CNS axons? - ANSWER>>>NEURILEMMA The gap of exposed axon in the myelin sheath is the - ANSWER>>>NODE OF RANVIER The myelin sheaths of the CNS neurons are produced by - ANSWER>>>OLIGODENDROCYTES Conduction of an action potential in a myelinated axon is called - ANSWER>>>SALTATORY CONDUCTION

Chemicals that stimulate action potentials in postsynaptic cells are called - ANSWER>>>NEUROTRANSMITTERS Which cranial nerve is vital for the functioning of visceral organs? - ANSWER>>>VAUGS Brain metabolism may be best studied by - ANSWER>>>POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY Impair motor coordination in parkinsons disease if often due to - ANSWER>>>DEGENERATION OF THE SUBSTATIA NIGRA Contains the glossopharyngeal nuclei - ANSWER>>>The medulla oblongata Which type of EEG pattern in an awake adult is indicative of brain damage? - ANSWER>>>DELTA WAVES In the spinal cord, the gray matter is arranged into HORNS, and the white matter is arranged into COLUMNS. - ANSWER>>>HORNS, COLUMNS The conversion of short term memory to long term memory would be inhibited by ablation of the - ANSWER>>>HIPPOCAMPUS The cranial nerve emerging from the pons is damaged. Which deficit in cranial nerve function may be present? - ANSWER>>>LOSS OF VISION WERNICKES AREA IS DAMAGED - ANSWER>>>A WORD SALAD SPEAKING PATTERN OCCURS WHEN What condition is caused by a sudden failure of the RAS? - ANSWER>>>NACROLEPSY LOOKING UP AN ADDRESS AND ADDRESSING AN ENVELOPE. - ANSWER>>>AN EXAMPLE OF WORKING MEMORY WOULD BE Eye movements would be compromised by damage to the - ANSWER>>>TROCHLEAR NERVE A circular path of the neurons synapsing with one after another is called a - ANSWER>>>RECURRENT ALLOWS FOR INTENDED MOVEMENTS TO OCCUR, WHICH ALSO CONTROLS UNWANTED MOVEMENTS. - ANSWER>>>WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE MOTOR CIRCUIT IN THE BRAIN? WHAT BRAIN STRUCTURE CONTAINS TWO RESPIRATORY CONTROL CENTERS? - ANSWER>>>PONS WHICH NEUROTRANSMITTER IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH BASAL NUCLEI FUNCTION? - ANSWER>>>ALL OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTERS PLAY A MAJOR ROLE IN BASAL NUCLEI FUNCTION The inability of muscle cells to relax due to high frequency stimulation is called - ANSWER>>>TETANUS The light band of skeletal muscle is known as the - ANSWER>>>I BAND What is the structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle? - ANSWER>>>SARCOMERE During skeletal muscle contraction, adjacent ___ are pulled close together as the ____ between them shorten. - ANSWER>>>A BANDS, I BANDS thin filaments slide across thick filaments. - ANSWER>>>DURING SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION Each fascicle of a muscle is surrounded by - ANSWER>>>PERIMYSIUM

PREVENTS BLOOD LOSS THROUGH CLOTTING, LEUKOCYTES FIGHT INFECTION, DELIVERS LEUKOCYTES TO

AREAS OF INFLAMMATION AND INFECTION - ANSWER>>>HOW DOES THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

FUNCTION IN A PROTECTIVE ROLE IN THE BODY?

DARK-RED COLORED BLOOD WOULD BE FOUND IN THE ____, TRAVELING TO THE ____. -

ANSWER>>>veins, heart The P wave of an ECG represents - ANSWER>>>ATRIAL DEPOLARIZATION The process of blood cell formation is - ANSWER>>>HEMATOPOIESIS Most of the circulating blood can be found in - ANSWER>>>VEINS The major plasma protein is - ANSWER>>>ALBUMIN The cardiac control center of the ______ coordinates the autonomic innervation of the heart. - ANSWER>>>MEDULLA OBLONGATA The last korotkoff sound occurs when the blood pressure is equal to ____ pressure. - ANSWER>>>DIASTOLIC Cardiac output is equal to - ANSWER>>>STROKE VOLUME X CARDIAC RATE Nitric oxide causes - ANSWER>>>VASODILATION How much filtrate do the kidneys produce per day? - ANSWER>>>180L Edema would be induced by all of the following except - ANSWER>>>HYPERTENSION Blood flow is increased by - ANSWER>>>VASODILATION Sympathetic stimulation of the heart will - ANSWER>>>INCREASE THE RATE OF DEPOLARIZATION IN THE VENTRICLES, INCREASE CONDUCTION RATE BETWEEN THE SA AND AV NODES, INCREASE THE STRENGTH OF MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. 'ALL CHOICES ARE CORRECT" An increase in blood volume in the left ____ ADH secretion - ANSWER>>>INHIBIT (STOP) Cardiovascular changes resulting from moderate exercise include - ANSWER>>>INCREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT Net filtration would be decreased by - ANSWER>>>HYPOTENSION INCREASED AFTERLOAD, HYPERTROPHY OF THE VENTRICLES AND VALVE DEFECTS, BROKEN CAPILLARIES IN TISSUES AND ORGANS. - ANSWER>>>HYPERTENSION MAY CAUSE: Stroke volume is inversely proportional to - ANSWER>>>TOTAL PREIPHERAL RESISTANCE COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE CAPILLARY (BLOOD PLASMA) - ANSWER>>>What is the main force that causes fluids to enter the venous end of a capillary? Vasopressin induces renal water - ANSWER>>>REABORPTION WHICH BLOOD VESSELS HAVE THE LOWEST PRESSURE - ANSWER>>>VEINS

Hydrostatic pressure is ____ and colloid osmotic pressure is ____ at the arterial end of a capillary - ANSWER>>>HIGHER, LOWER What phospholipid decreases the surface tension of the alveoli? - ANSWER>>>SURFECTANT The rhythmicity center is located in the - ANSWER>>>MEDULLA OBLONGATA IS INCREASED IN RESPONSE TO METABOLIC ALKALOSIS - ANSWER>>>THE AFFINITY OF HEMOGLOBIN FOR OXYGEN A pH above 7.45 is considered - ANSWER>>>ALKALOSIS BINDS TO HEMOGLOBIN, PREVENTING OXYGEN-BINDING. - ANSWER>>>CARBON MONOXIDE IS LETHAL BECAUSE IT DECOMPOSES WATER, REDUCES HYDROGEN BONDING BETWEEN WATER MOLECULES, COVERS THE AVEOLI. - ANSWER>>>How does surfactant reduce the surface tension of water in the lungs? The tendency of the lings to return to their initial size after stretching is - ANSWER>>>ELASTICITY THORACIC VOLUME INCREASE WITH LING INFLATION - ANSWER>>>DURING MUSCULAR CONTRACTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH INHALATION, WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IN THE INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE WREE TO BE LESS THAN INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE? Fluid secretion by ling cells is due to __________ alveolar cells. - ANSWER>>>ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF CL- OUT OF The conducting zone contains all of the following EXCEPT - ANSWER>>>RESPIRATORY BRINCHIOLES What is the condition of having low blood oxygen levels? - ANSWER>>>HYPOXEMIA SPEECH - ANSWER>>>ALL EVENTS LISTED BELOW ARE ALL COMPONENTS OF RESPIRATION EXCEPT MAY BE CAUSED BY EXCESS VOMITING - ANSWER>>>METABOLIC ALKALOSIS STIMULATES INCREASED BLOOD CELL SYNTHESIS - ANSWER>>>ACCLIMATIZATION TO ALTITUDE INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE ____ DURING EXPIRATION - ANSWER>>>INCREASES is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas. - ANSWER>>>The amount of a given gas dissolved in the blood The most powerful diuretic; inhibits salt transport in the thick segments of the ascending limb is - ANSWER>>>LOOP DIURETICS Inhibits sodium transport in the last part of the ascending limb and the first part of the distal tubule. - ANSWER>>>THIAZIDE DIURETICS Inhibits the reabsorption of bicarbonate - ANSWER>>>CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS Reduces osmotic reabsorption of water - ANSWER>>>OSMOTIC DIURETICS Inhibits action of aldosterone or inhibts sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion. - ANSWER>>>POTASSIUM-SPARING DIURETICS

parasympathetic and local reflexes - ANSWER>>>defecation is stimulated by Involuntary muscle contractions, which move a bolus through the gastrointestinal tract are called - ANSWER>>>PERISTALSIS SMALL INTESTINE - ANSWER>>>MOST NUTRIENT ABSORPTION OCCURS IN THE WHAT ORGAN PRODUCES BILE? - ANSWER>>>LIVER MOUTH, ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, SMALL INTESTINE, LARGE INTESTINE. - ANSWER>>>WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS THE CORRECT ORDER FOR THE MAJOR PARTS OF THE GASRTOINTESTINAL TRACT? LIVER, COMMON HEPATIC DUCT - ANSWER>>>Bile is made in the ____ and released into the This duct then merges with the ________ from the gallbladder to make the bile duct. - ANSWER>>>CYSTIC DUCT