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CHAMBERLAIN BIOS 252 EXAM 1
skeletaluimuscleui-uians-- Auimuscleuithatuiisuiattacheduitouitheuibonesuiofuitheuiskeletonuianduiprovidesuitheuiforceuith atuimovesuitheuibones. Locationuiofuiskeletaluimuscleui-uians-- inuiskeletaluimusclesuiattacheduitouibonesuioruioccasionallyuitouiskin Excitabilityui-uians--abilityuitouiresponduitouistimuli Conductivityui-uians-- Theuiabilityuiofuianuiobjectuitouitransferuiheatuioruielectricityuitouianotheruiobject. Extensibilityui-uians--abilityuitouibeuistretched Elasticityuiofuimuscleui-uians-- Abilityuiofuimuscleuifibersuitouirecoiluianduiresumeuitheiruirestinguilengthuiafteruibeinguistretc hed. Contractibilityui-uians--abilityuitouishorten/contract Sarcomereui-uians--Contractileuiunituiofuimuscleui(zuidiscuitouizuidisc) Sarcolemmaui-uians--muscleuicelluimembrane sarcoplasmicuireticulumui(SR)ui-uians-- organelleuiofuitheuimuscleuifiberuithatuistoresuicalcium Zuidiscui-uians--coin- shapeduisheetuiofuiproteinsuithatuianchorsuitheuithinuifilamentsuianduiconnectsuimyofibrilsuit ouioneuianother Muilineui-uians--middleuiofuisarcomere Auibandui-uians--darkuiarea;uiextendsuilengthuiofuitheuithickuifilaments Iuibandui-uians--lightuiband,uiactinuionly
ZoneuiofuiOverlapui-uians--whereuithickuianduithinuifilamentsuioverlap Thickuifilamentsui-uians--myosin Thinuifilamentsui-uians--actin contractileuiproteinsuiinuimuscleui-uians--actinuianduimyosin structuraluiproteinsui-uians--proteinsuithatuiformuianuiorganism'suiphysicaluiattributes regulatoryuiproteinsui-uians--tropomyosinuianduitroponin Microfilamentsui-uians-- Long,uithinuifibersuithatuifunctionuiinuitheuimovementuianduisupportuiofuitheuicell Myofibrilsui-uians--Microscopicuiproteinuifilamentsuithatuimakeuiupuimuscleuicells. muscleuifiberui-uians--muscleuicell muscleuifassicleui-uians--bundleuiofuimuscleuifibers Epimysiumui-uians--surroundsuientireuimuscle Perimysiumui-uians--Connectiveuitissueuisurroundinguiauifascicle Endomysiumui-uians--Connectiveuitissueuisurroundinguiauimuscleuifiber stepsuiofuineuromuscularuijunctionui-uians-- 1.uiactionuipotentialuigeneratesuireleaseuiofuiacetylcholine 2.uiactionuipotentialuiisuigenerateduiinuisarcolemmauiofuimuscleuicelluianduitravelsuithroughui Tuitubules 3.uisarcoplasmicuireticulumuireleasesuiCa2+ 4.uimyosinuicrossuibridgesuicanuiform stepsuiofuislidinguifilamentuitheoryui-uians-- 1)uiAuisarcomereuishortensuiasuiauiresultuiofuitheuizuilinesuimovinguicloseruitogether 2)uiTheuizuilinesuiconvergeuiasuitheuiresultuiofuimyosinuiheadsuiattachinguitouitheuiactinuifila mentuianduiasynchronouslyuipullingui(poweruistrokes)uitheuiactinuifilamentuiacrossuitheuimy osin,uiresultinguiinuishorteninguiofuitheuimuscleuifiber. relaxationuiofuiskeletaluimuscleui-uians-- 1.uiAchuiisuidegradeduiinuitheuisynapseuibyuiacetylcholinesterase 2.uistopsuiAPuiinuimuscleuicell 3.uiclosesuiSRuichannelsuireleasinguiCa 4.uiactin-myosinuidissociateuianduireturnuitouirestinguilength
orbicularisuioculiui-uians--closesuieye orbiclarisuiorisui-uians--closesuilips gluteusuimaximusui-uians--extendsuithigh tibalisuianteriorui-uians--dorsiflexionuianduiinversionuiofuifoot muscleuishapesui-uians-- fusiform,uiparallel,uitriangular,uiunipennate,uibipennate,uimultipennate,uicircular Unipennateui-uians--fasciclesuiinsertuiintouioneuisideuiofuitendon Occpitofrontalisui-uians--frontaluibellyuitouiwrinkleuiforehead superioruirectusui-uians--elevatesuieyeuianduiturnsuiituimedially inferioruirectusui-uians--depressesuieyeuianduiturnsuiituimedially lateraluirectusui-uians--movesuieyeuilaterally medialuirectusui-uians--movesuieyeuimedially superioruiobliqueui-uians--depressesuieyeuianduiturnsuiituilaterally inferioruiobliqueui-uians--elevatesuieyeuianduiturnsuiituilaterally LevatatoruiPalpebraeui-uians--OpensuiEyeuiforuiWinking,Blinking,Squinting Sternocleidomauistoidui-uians--flexesuineck;uirotatesuihead rectusuiabdominisui-uians--flexesuivertebraluicolumn Diaphragmui-uians-- Large,uiflatuimuscleuiatuitheuibottomuiofuitheuichestuicavityuithatuihelpsuiwithuibreathing externaluiintercostalsui-uians--elevatesuiribsuiduringuiinspiration internaluiintercostalsui-uians--depressesuiribsuiduringuiforceduiexpiration lattismusuidorsiui-uians--extension,uiadduction,uiinternaluirotationuiofuishoulder trapeziusui-uians-- Elevates,uidepresses,uiretracts,uianduirotatesuitheuiscapula;uirotatesuitheuiarm
Supraspinatusui-uians-- Abductsuiarm;uistabilizesuitheuiheaduiofuitheuihumerusuiinuiglenoiduicavity;uioneuiofuitheui"rot atoruicuff"uimuscles rectusuifemorisui-uians--extendsuileguianduiflexesuithigh bicepsuifemorisui-uians--extendsuithighuianduiflexesuileg gastrocnemiusui-uians--Calfuimuscle,uiplantaruiflexion bipennateui-uians--Fibersuionuibothuisidesuiofuitendon triangularuimusclesui-uians--flatuianduifan- shaped,uiwithuifibersuiradiatinguifromuiauinarrowuiattachmentuiatuioneuienduitouiauibroaduiatt achmentuiatuitheuiother Paralelluimusclesui-uians-- multipennateui-uians--tendonuibranchesuiwithinuimuscle fusiformui-uians--spindleuishaped circularuimuscleui-uians--muscleuithatuiformsuiauiringuiarounduiauibodyuiopening sensoryui(afferent)uineuronsui-uians--transmituiimpulsesuitowarduitheuiCNS Interneuronsui-uians-- Centraluinervousuisystemuineuronsuithatuiinternallyuicommunicateuianduiinterveneuibetwee nuitheuisensoryuiinputsuianduimotoruioutputs motorui(efferent)uineuronsui-uians-- neuronsuithatuicarryuioutgoinguiinformationuifromuitheuibrainuianduispinaluicorduitouitheuimus clesuianduiglands CNSui(centraluinervousuisystem)ui-uians--brainuianduispinaluicord PNSui(peripheraluinervousuisystem)ui-uians-- theuisensoryuianduimotoruineuronsuithatuiconnectuitheuiCNSuitouitheuirestuiofuitheuibody Rolesuiofuimeningesui-uians-- CoveruianduiprotectuitheuiCNS.uiProtectuiblooduivesselsuianduiencloseuivenousuisinuses.ui Containuicerebrospinaluifluiduianduiformuipartitionsuiinuitheuiskull. roleuiofuicerebrospinaluifluidui-uians--primarilyuiprovidesuishockuiabsorption
Ogliodendrocytesui(CNS)ui-uians-- Produceuimyelinuisheathuiarounduinerveuifibersuiinuitheuicentraluinervousuisystemui(CNS) 2 uineurogliauiinuiPNSui-uians--satelliteuicellsuianduischwannuicells sateliteuicellsui-uians--protectuineuronuicelluibodies Schwannuicellsui-uians-- Supportinguicellsuiofuitheuiperipheraluinervousuisystemuiresponsibleuiforuitheuiformationuiofu imyelin. actionuipotentialui-uians-- auineuraluiimpulse;uiauibriefuielectricaluichargeuithatuitravelsuidownuianuiaxon longuidistanceuisignalsuiofuiaxons stepsuiofuiactionuipotentialui-uians-- restinguistate,uidepolarization,uirepolarization,uihyperpolarization,uirefractoryuiphase restinguiphaseui-uians-- theuistateuiinuiwhichuithereuiisuiauinegativeuielectricaluichargeuiofuiaboutui- 70 uimillivoltsuiwithuiauineuron Depolarizationui-uians-- Theuiprocessuiduringuitheuiactionuipotentialuiwhenuisodiumuiisuirushinguiintouitheuicelluicaus inguitheuiinterioruitouibecomeuimoreuipositive. Repolarizationui-uians-- Returnuiofuitheuicelluitouirestinguistate,uicauseduibyuireentryuiofuipotassiumuiintouitheuicelluiw hileuisodiumuiexitsuitheuicell. Hyperpolarizationui-uians-- Theuimovementuiofuitheuimembraneuipotentialuiofuiauicelluiawayuifromuirestuipotentialuiinuiaui moreuinegativeuidirection. refractoryuiperiodui-uians--auiperioduiofuiinactivityuiafteruiauineuronuihasuifired salatoryuiconductionui-uians-- rapiduiconductionuiofuiimpulsesuiwhenuitheuiaxonuiisuimyelinateduisinceuidepolarizationsuiju mpuifromuinodeui(ofuiRanvier)uitouinode Conductionuiinuidifferentuiaxonuitypesui-uians-- withuimyelinuitheuinerveuiconductionuiisuifaster.Foruiexample,uiwhereasuiunmyelinateduiaxo nuiconductionuivelocitiesuirangeuifromuiaboutui0.5uitoui 10 uim/s,uimyelinateduiaxonsuicanuico nductuiatuivelocitiesuiupuitoui 150 uim/s. typesuiofuisummationui-uians--temporaluianduispatial
temporaluisummationui-uians-- Summationuibyuiauipostsynapticuicelluiofuiinputui(EPSPsuioruiIPSPs)uifromuiauisingleuisourc euioveruitime. EPSPui(excitatoryuipostsynapticuipotential)ui-uians-- depolarizinguigradeduipotentialuiinuipostsynapticuineuronuiinuiresponseuitouiactivationuiofuie xcitatoryuisynapse IPSPui(inhibitoryuipostsynapticuipotential)ui-uians-- synapticuipotentialuithatuimakesuiauipostsynapticuineuronuilessuilikelyuitouigenerateuianuiacti onuipotential spatialuisummationui-uians-- Integrationuibyuiauipostsynapticuineuronuiofuiinputsui(EPSPsuianduiIPSPs)uifromuimultipleuis ources. ligand-gateduiionuichannelui-uians-- Typeuiofuimembraneuireceptoruithatuihasuiauiregionuithatuicanuiactuiasuiaui"gate"uiwhenuitheu ireceptoruichangesuishape. voltageuigateduichannelsui-uians-- openuianduicloseuiinuiresponseuitouichangesuiinuimembraneuipotential mechanicallyuigateduichannelsui-uians-- openuianduicloseuiinuiresponseuitouiphysicaluideformationuiofuireceptors axo-somaticuisynapseui-uians-- Auisynapseuiatuiwhichuiauipresynapticuiaxonuiterminaluisynapsesuiontouitheuicelluibodyui(so ma)uiofuitheuipostsynapticuineuron. axo-dendriticuisynapseui-uians-- auisynapseuiatuiwhichuiauipresynapticuiaxonuiterminaluisynapsesuiontouiauidendriteuiofuitheui postsynapticuineuron,uieitheruiviauiauidendriticuispineuioruidirectlyuiontouitheuidendriteuiitself axo-axonicuisynapseui-uians-- auisynapseuiatuiwhichuiauipresynapticuiaxonuiterminaluisynapsesuiontouitheuiaxonuiterminalu iofuianotheruineuron dopamineuifunctionsui-uians--motoruicontrol,uireward,uiaddiction serotoninui-uians--Affectsuimood,uihunger,uisleep,uianduiarousal Acetylcholineui(ACh)ui-uians-- Auineurotransmitteruithatuienablesuilearninguianduimemoryuianduialsouitriggersuimuscleuico ntraction
abdominaluimusclesui-uians-- rectusuiabdominis,uiexternaluioblique,uiinternaluioblique,uitransversusuiabdominis respiratoryuimusclesui-uians--diaphragmuianduiintercostaluimuscles Thickuimyofilamentsuiareuimadeuiofui________.ui-uians--myosin Thinuimyofilamentsuiareuimadeuiofui____.ui-uians--actin identifyuitheuimuscleuiproteinsui-uians--myosin,uiactin,uitropomyosin,uitroponin,uititin Poweruistrokeuicycleui-uians-- processuiofuimyosinuigrabbinguiactin,uimuscleuicontracting,uianduithenuiusinguiATPuitouirele ase,uiifuiCauihighuithenuicontractionuicontinues motoruiunitui-uians--Auimotoruineuronuianduialluiofuitheuimuscleuifibersuiituiinnervates parasympatheticuinervousuisystemui-uians-- theuidivisionuiofuitheuiautonomicuinervousuisystemuithatuicalmsuitheuibody,uiconservinguiitsui energy somaticuinervousuisystemui-uians-- theuidivisionuiofuitheuiperipheraluinervousuisystemuithatuicontrolsuitheuibody'suiskeletaluimu scles WhatuitypeuiofuiglialuicellsuiareuifounduiinuitheuiCNS?ui-uians-- astrocytes,uimicroglia,uiependymaluicells,uioligodendrocytes Whatuiareuitheui 6 uineuroglialuicells?ui-uians--1.uiEpendymaluiCells 2.uiAstrocytes 3.uiMicroglia 4.uiOligodendrocytes 5.uiSatellite 6.uiSchwann WhichuiglialuicelluiisuifounduiwrappeduiarounduinerveuifibersuiinuitheuiPNS?ui-uians-- Schwannuicells Whatuicellsuidemonstrateuielectricaluiexcitability?ui-uians--neuronsuianduimuscleuicells musclesuithatuimakeuiupuitheuiquadricepsui-uians-- rectusuifemoris,uivastusuilateralis,uivastusuimedialis,uivastusuiintermedius iliopsasuimuscleui-uians--flexesuithighuioruitrunk
gluteusuiminimusui-uians--abductsuianduimediallyuirotatesuithigh gluteusuimediusui-uians--abductsuianduimediallyuirotatesuithigh Scalenesui-uians--elevatesuifirstuitwouiribs,uiflexesuianduirotatesuineck
