Download Memory Theories and Concepts: From Ebbinghaus to Anderson's ACT Model and more Quizzes Cognitive Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
Ebbinghaus
1st rigorous investigation of human memory- Taught himself nonsense syllables -DAX, BUP, LOC savings forgetting function TERM 2
Savings
DEFINITION 2 Ebbinghaus the amount of time needed to relearn a list after it has already been learned and forgotten TERM 3
Forgetting Function
DEFINITION 3 Most forgetting takes place right away TERM 4
Atkinson &
Shiffrin
DEFINITION 4 Proposed 3-stage model including Sensory Store: if attended goes to STM Short-term Memory (STM): if rehearsed goes to LTM Long-term memory (LTM) No longer the current view of memory TERM 5
The Three-Stage Model
DEFINITION 5 Environment--->(Sensation/Perception)--->Sensory Store---> (Attention)---->Short-Term (working) memory ---> (encoding) ---
Long-term memory--->(retrieval)--->Short-term (working) memoryShort-term (working) memory---->responsesExecutive control processes--->sensory store ----->Short-term (working) memory -----> Long-term memory
Retention Times
Environment---->Sensory Store (1-3 seconds)---->Short- term (working) memory (15-25 seconds)<----- (retrieval/encoding)----> Long-term memory (1 sec to a lifetime) TERM 7
Sensory Memory
DEFINITION 7 holds info when first comes in allows person to extract meaning from image/series of sounds Sperling's partial report procedure -display of 3 rows of letters is presented-after it is taken away, tone signals which row to report-subs were able to report most letters TERM 8
Iconic Memory
DEFINITION 8 Visual bright postexposure field wipes memory after 1 sec, dark after 5 secs TERM 9
Echoic Memory
DEFINITION 9 Auditory lasts up to 10 sec (measured by ERP) located in sensory cortexes TERM 10
Short Term Memory
DEFINITION 10 original idea that when info in sensory memory is paid attention to, it moves into short term memory with rehearsal, moves into long term memory STM has limited capacity, called memory span -Miller's magic number (7[+][-]2)-New info pushes out older info ( Shepard )
Anderson's ACT Model
ACT : Adaptive Control of Thought subjects shown word "flood" should recall Noah but don't without "Bible", "animal" and "flood" together when given word floor they think of Mississippi or Johnstown NOT Noah recall is based on both baseline and activation from associated concepts Moses and Jesus have higher baselines TERM 17
Moses
Illusion
DEFINITION 17 How many animals of each species did Moses bring onto the ark? -most ppl respond 2 rather than none occurs bc people don't focus attention on who did it, and bc Moses & Noah are both Biblical characters this is Semantic Illusion TERM 18
Spreading Activation
DEFINITION 18 activation spreads along the paths of a proportional network -related items are faster to recall associative priming : involuntary spread of activation to associated items in memory
- Kaplan's dissertation : cues to solving riddles hidden in the environment led to faster solutions TERM 19
associative
priming
DEFINITION 19 involuntary spread of activation to associated items in memory Meyer & Schvaneveldt : spreading activations affects how quickly words are read
- subs judged whether pairs of related & unrelated items were words- Judgements about related words were faster TERM 20
Kaplan's dissertation
DEFINITION 20 cues to solving riddles hidden in the environment led to faster solutions
Practice &
Strength
amount of spreading activation depends on the strength of a memory memory strength increases with practice greater memory strength increases likelihood of recall TERM 22
Power Function
DEFINITION 22 Each time use memory trace, it grad becomes a lil stronger Power Law of Learning : T = 1.40 P^-0. T is recognition time P is days of practice Linear when plotted on log-log scale TERM 23
Long Term Potentiation (LTP)
DEFINITION 23 Neural changes may occur w/ practice in hippocampus Repeated electrical stimulation of neurons leads to increased sensitivity LTP changes are a power function TERM 24
Neural Correlates of Encoding
DEFINITION 24 Better memory for items w/ stronger brain processing at time of study: Words evoking higher ERP signals are better remembered later Greater frontal activation w/ deeper processing of verbal info Greater activation of hippocampus w/ better LTM TERM 25
Factors Influencing Memory
DEFINITION 25 Study alone doesn't improve memory What matters is how studying is done Shallow study results in little improvement Semantic associates (tulip-flower) better remembered than rhymes (tower-flower) [81% v. 70%] Better retention occurs for more meaningful elaboration
Incidental Learning
doesn't matter whether ppl intend to learn or not what matters is how material processed Orienting Tasks: Count whether word has e or g Rate the pleasantness of words Half of subs told they would be asked to remember words later, half NOT told No advantage to knowing ahead of time TERM 32
Flashbulb Memories
DEFINITION 32 Recall of traumatic events long after the fact Seems vivid but can be very inaccurate, just like everyday memories Thatcher's resignation: 60% memory for UK subs 20% non-UK TERM 33
9/11 Memories
DEFINITION 33 Talairco & Rubin : found that story-consistent details decreased and inconsistent details increased w/ time rate and amount of both kinds closely similar for flashbulb & everyday Sharot et al. : reported greater activity in the amygdala for ppl closer to ground 0 when recalling 3 yrs later TERM 34
Arousal & the Self-Reference
Effect
DEFINITION 34 2 Explanations Activation of amygdala involves biological mechanism reinforcing memory for events imp to us Info relevant & imp to self is rehearsed more often - resulting in better elaboration High arousal may enhance memory above and beyond rehearsal
