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RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT = I. TECHNICAL TERMS _/1. Natural Resources: Natural endowments in the form of land, water, ,, and mineral are termed as natural resources. _/2. Human made Resources: Resources created by humans such as eNginger technology, machines, buildings, monuments, paintings, social institutions cee called human-made or human or cultural resources. 8ty 3. Resource Planning: Technique or skill of proper utilisation of resources is t as resource planning. .” 4. Growing Season: The period of the year in which crops are sown, grown harvested, is known as growing season. and | 5. Gully Erosion: The spectacular type of soil erosion in which, gullies Occur in th soil surface, rendering it useless for cultivation, is known as gully erosion, e 6. Net Sown Area: Net sown area is the total area sown with crops in a country. Are sown more than once is counted once only. a 7. Cultivated Land: The land which is continuously under cultivation is termed ag cultivated land. ; 8. Cultivable Waste: Cultivable waste is the land which has remained waste for years together because it has become infertile and eroded; but can be brought under plough again by using modern techniques. _/9. Pastures: Pastures are the portions of the land covered with grass, shrubs on which animals are grazed freely in the natural environment. SBetatio, £TMeq Il. IMPORTANT POINTS i. RESOURCES 1 Resources are everything available in the environment which is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable such as mineral, labour, livestock etc., that can be used to satisfy our needs. DEVELOPMENT a : aa «31 erosion and conservation ° “er yemoval of top fertile soil is called soil orogion, : Factors responsible for soil erosion: Natural factor: wind, glacier and water « Human factor: deforestation, overgrazing, : onstruction and mini «Other factor: defective methods of farming, ploughing in a out pffective measures to control soil erosions air ng way. ee _ Contour ploughing ~ Terrace cultivation _ Strip cropping ~ Shelter belts e i, NCERT TEXTBOOK EXERCISES (Pagas j 1-12) Qt Multiple choice questions. «) Which one of the following is the main cause ) Intensive cultivation of land degradation in Punjab? (a) Inte (c) Over irrigation (b) Deforestation @ Overgrazing ii) In which one of the following states is terrace cultivation practised? (a) Punjab (c) Haryana (b) Plains of Uttar Pradesh (@) Uttarakhand (iii) In which of the following states black soil is predominantly found? (a) Uttar Pradesh (b) Maharashtra Ans. (i) > (c) Over irrigation (ii) > (6) Maharashtra. U 2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words. @ Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it. (ii) What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil. (CBSE 2016) (iii) What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas? (CBSE 2011) Ans. (c) Rajasthan (d) Jharkhand @) > () Uttarakhand @ Three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it: States — (1) Gujarat (2) Maharashtra (3) Madhya Pradesh Crop — Cotton (i) Alluvial soil is found in river valleys and the river deltas. Main Features of Alluvial Soil: * Fine grained in lower plains of the rivers. * Coarse grained in upper portions of the plains. * Rich in mineral contents — potash, phosphoric acid and lime. * Deficient in nitrogen and rich in organic contents. 5 DEVELOPMENT aces SY 3. DO you think that resources are free gifts of nature as ig Q. sake 7 assumed b van . No resources are not free gift of nature, Y mans: » Resources are a function of human activities, » Human beings themselves are essential part of resources ~ Only the humans transform the available ial j : resources and use them. material in our environment into 4, Why has the issue of sustainability become essenti Se ‘ines? Explain with example. present he issue of sustainability is important for development. An rtainly like thi ) We would certainly like this level of development t @ be maintained for future generations. This is obviously eather or at least However, since the second half of the twentieth century, a numb: . have been warning that the present type, and levels : mer sustainable. ; (wi) Overase of any non-renewable resource will lead to its depleti would last only 50 years more if people continue to extent Tie toma rate. This is for the world as a whole. oEeaeu (jv) However, different countries face different situations. Countries lik i on importing oil from abroad because they do not have enough id ore own. If prices of oil increase this becomes a burden for everyone. There we countries like USA which have low reserves and hence want to secure pil through military or economic power. “ (v) The question of sustainability of development raises many fundamental issues about the nature and process of development. Therefore, sustainability of development is comparatively a new area of knowledge in which scientists economists, philosophers and other social scientists are working together. ; B-9 | al for development in (CBSE 2024) (ii) of scientists of development are not 1. TYPES OF RESOURCES Q, 1.1. In what ways can resources be classified? (CBSE 2008) Ans. Resources can be classified in the following ways: — On the basis of origin : biotic and abiotic. — On the basis of exhaustibility : renewable and non-renewable. — On the basis of ownership : individual, community, national and international. — On the basis of status of development : potential, developed, reserve and stock. 2, RESOURCE PLANNING O21. What is resource planning? Why it is essential? Explain any two reasons. (CBSE 2016) Ans. - Resource planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources. — Resource planning is the way of making the use of available resources in a proper and sustainable manner. In other words making plans for using the resources efficiently. Any two reasons: 1. so that resources can be used for a longer time. 2. so that resources can be used in more economical ways. B-12- ~ «GOLDEN SOCIAL SCIENCE (Geogr ho22, Why is there a need to conserve resources? What was Gandhiji, a regarding the conservation of resources? _ Cash oy Ans. « Resources are vital for any developmental wal y. see 19) i i utilisation of resources lead to gop: « Irrational consumption and over uti £0cI0-g0, and environmental problems. To overcome these problems resourcag conse met at various levels is important. ion i f e Conservation of resources had been the main concern 0: he leaders a ang, in the past. . — Gandhiji was right in voicing, for any body’s greed”. “Tere is enough for everybody’s need ang Similar Questions 1. Explain the importance of conservation of resources. (CBgp 20 2. Why do we need conse. ve resources? (CBsp 2015 Q. 2.2.3. What is the root cause for resource depletion at the global level according to Gandhiji? Ans. © According to Gandhiji, greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative ature of modern technology was the roc’ cause for resource depletion at global leye] Q. How has conservation of resources been advocated at various lei Ans. « At the international level, the Club of Rome advocated resource conservation for the first time in a more systematic way in 1968. « After this in 1974, the Gandhian Philosophy was presented once again by Schumacher in his book “Small is Beautiful”. e The seminal contribution with respect to resource conservation at the global level was made by the Brundtland Commission Report 1987. — This report introduced the concept of “Sustainable Development”. - It also advocated the sustainable development as means for resource conservation. He later on, published this in his book entitled ‘Our Common Future’. e Another significance contribution was made at the Earth Summit at Rio-de- Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. i _J 3. LAND RESOURCES Q. 3.1. Land is a natural resource of utmost importance. Describe this statement — Ans. * We use the land in different ways: — We live on land. — We perform cur economic activities on land. - Land supports natural vegetation, wild life, human life, economic activities transports and communication system. * Hence, we can say that land is a natural resource of utmost importanc® y IND DEVELOPMENT . RC ! B-15 = Most of the area is densely forested. : In Andaman and Nicobar Islands, besides densely forested: _ Too much rains hamper the agricultural activities, , _ Growth rate of trees and other vegetation is very high. 5.7. What do you mean by waste land and land put to other non-agricultural uses . Waste land include rocky, arid and desert regions. HS . * mw” Land put to non-agricultural uses includes settlements, roads railways, indust, - » Industry etc. AnD DEGRADATION AND CONSERVATION MEASURES 6. “6.1. How much do we get from land to satisfy our requirements of food. + hing and shelter? clot Ans. 95%. KE 6.2. How much land in India is degraded? Ans. « Degraded land in India : 18 crore (130 million) hectares _— Water eroded area : 56% Land degraded by forests : 28% Saline and Alkaline land : 6% — Wind eroded area : 10% 6.3. In which states has mining caused land degradation? Ans. — Jharkhand — Chhattisgarh — Madhya Pradesh — Odisha Q. 6.4. What is the main cause of land degradation in Gujarat, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh? How can it be checked? (CBSE 2012) Ans. — The main cause of land degradation in Gujarat, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh is overgazing. : — It can be checked out by: - growing fodder crops in large areas - by moving animals to different pastures hs " — control on overgrazing. . 6.5. Which states have witnessed land degradation due to over irrigation? Ans. — Punjab — Haryana — west Uttar Pradesh 9.6.6. Which mining activities cause environmental degradation? Ans. _ Grinding of limestone in cement industries. — Decrease in seepage of water due to Jayers of lime and chalk on the land. GOLDEN SOCIAL SCIENCE (Geog; . 2phy} | roblem of land degradati, ~ | n | (CBSE 29 | J B-16 ” _® 6.7. Suggest any two ways to solve the p Or ree steps taken to solve the problem of land degrag Explain any th ati (CBgp oh SE 20 H y Ans. Measures to solve land degradation: . ; « Soil Conservation: Contour ploughing, cap aay ming and cover crop . tion: i rees to stablise goj 8, (i) Afforestation & Reforestation: Planting Soil ang Petnn forests. . . | (ii) Sustainable agriculture: Crop rotation, agroforestry, zero-tillage and Orga | fertilisers. efficient irrigation and we 41 | And (Gv) Water management: Water harvesting, restoration. . ; (») Restore Vegetation: Reseeding grasses and managing overgrazing @i) Combat Desertification: Wind breaks, shelter belts and dune Stablisation (vii) Policy and Community Action: Land use planning, education and Incentives (iti) Technology use: Remote sensing, GIS and precision agriculture. . These actions help prevent, reduce and restore land degradation. Q. 6.8. Explain land degradation. Ans. Land Degradation —Land is a very important natural resource but due to personal greed human beings have degraded land. — Human activities have also boosted the pace of natural forces to degrade damage land e Land degradation is a process through which the land becomes unsuitable for cultivation. e At present, about 130 million hectares of land is degraded in India. — About 28% land is forest degraded, 56% is water eroded and the rest is affecte by saline and alkaline deposits. Q. 6.9. Write any four human activities which are mainly responsible for land degradation in India. (CBSE 2009) Ans. Human Activities Responsible for Land Degradation @ Mining Expansion of mining and quarrying too have contributed significantly to land degradation — The mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete. It leaves deep scars and over burden. — In Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha, deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation. (i) Overgrazing In Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation. (a) Over irrigation In Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land oo due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity 1 soil. [B16 GOLDEN SOCIAL SCIENCE a> O0ra, " Q. 7.1.5. Where is the alluvial soil found in India? Ans. Alluvial soil found in India: 1. Three important Himalayan river system—the Indus, the Ganga and the Bra | — States are Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Benga] and bon | In Rajasthan and Gujarat through a narrow corridor. am | . Eastern Coastal Plains, particularly in the deltas One thanadi, the q, " the Krishna, and the Kaveri rivers. States are, Udisha, Andhra Pradesh ® any on Tamil Nadu. . Q. 7.1.6. Describe properties of alluvial soils found in India. Ans. Alluvial Soils | — Alluvial soils are the most important and widely spread soils. — Entire Northern plains are made of Alluvial soils. Properties of Alluvial Soils The alluvial soils consist of various proportions of sand, silt and clay, — According to their age alluvial soils are classified as old alluvial] (Bangar new alluvial (Khadar). Alluvial soils as a whole are very fertile. — These are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereals pulse crops. Due to high fertility of the soils, region of alluvial soils are intensively cul; and densely populated. ) ang tivatey Soils in the drier areas are more alkaline. Black Soil _/e. 7.1.7. What is another name of black soil? Ans. Regur or black cotton soil. Q. 7.1.8. What are the important factors for the formation of black soil? Ans. — Climatic conditions — Parent rock / @ 7.1.9. Where is the black soil found in India? Ans. ¢ Black soil is found in the plateau of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh and — in the south-east direction of India, along the Godavari and the Krishna | valley. Q. 7.1.10. Which nutritive elements are found in Black Soil? | Ans. e Calcium carbonate « Magnesium e Potash Q. 7.1.11. Which element is deficient in Black Soil? Ans. Phosphorous. e Lime | =pAGES_ AND DEVELOPMENT St pesoy | _ Ve 7112. Mention any three characteristicg of Black Soil Or Which soil is called ‘regur soip? ; this type of soil. Mention any four characteristics of Ans. Characteristics (CBSE 2012, 2013) () It is ideal for growing cotton. (i) The black soils are made up of extremely fine, i.e. cla: i (ii) It is found in Deccan trap. (Basalt). as (iv) It is made up of lava flows. (@) They are rich in soil nutrients, such as : Calcium carbonate, Magnesium, potash and lime. i se soils are i i w duane hot weather, whe ele ran ee ‘he vee cracks (vii) These soils are sticky when wet, and diffi : cult to i immediately after the first shower or during work on» unless ‘tilled the pre-monsoon period. Similar Question e Explain the three features of black soil, (CBSE 2016) Red and Yellow Soils Q. 7.1.18. Where have red and yellow soils developed in India? Ans. Red and Yellow Soils — Red soils have developed on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall. — The major areas of these soils are eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau. — Yellow and Red soils are also found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats. Q. 7.1.14. Write properties of red and yellow soils. Ans. Properties They develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. They look yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form. — Due to stony nature they are less fertile. ~ They have iron contents in abundance. Laterite Soil * Laterite soil is mostly deep and acidic (PH< 6.0) - Generally it is deprived of plant nutrients. * These are mostly found in southern states, Western Ghats of Maharashtra, Odisha, some parts of West Bengal and north eastern states. * The laterite soils support evergreen and deciduous forests. foeicien ~ But in scanty vegetation and semi-dry environment, humus conte: a i i ir position ~ There is possibility of soil erosion and land degradation according to their p 4 5 AND _DEVELOPMEN ouRcES B-21 712 . . : Q. » Forests soils are found in the hilly and mountainous regions of sufficient mt rain forests. Gg. “Forest soils texture varies according to the slope.” Describe. Forests soils are loamy and silty in valley side and coars i i Forest grained in the upper _ This soils experience denudation and are acidic with lo i snow covered regions of Himalayas. prams Gombe te _ Fertile soils are found in the lower part of th i i Peril so ae e valleys specially on the river Ans: g. 712 Ans. 7 soil Erosion and Soil Conservation Q. 7.21. What is bad land? Ans. Bad land is the land unfit for cultivation due to gully erosion. Q. 7.2.2. Define ravine. Ans. Ravine is a bad land having deep channels as gullies; and found in Chambal Valley. Q. 7.2.5. Suggest measures for soil conservation. Ans. e Contour ploughing ¢ Strip farming + Planting lines of trees to create shelter belts + Terrace farming e Strips of grass between the crops. 7.2. . 7.2.4. What is soil erosion? Describe two types of soil erosion. Ans. Soil Erosion — Denudation of the soil cover and its subsequent washing is described as soil erosion. - The soil forming processes and the erosional processes, go on side by side. — Generally there is a balance between these two. — Sometimes this balance is disturbed due to human activities like deforestation, over- grazing, construction and natural forces like wind, glacier and water lead to soil erosion. Two Types of Soil Erosion ¢ Gully Erosion: The running water cuts through the clayey soils and make deep channels as gullies. — The land becomes unfit for cultivation. It is known as badland. —In the Chambal basin, such lands are called ravines. » Sheet Erosion: Sometime water flows as a sheet down a slope. In such a situation top part of the soil is washed away. This is called sheet erosion. * Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land. — It is known as wind erosion. Similar Question * Mention any two human activities which are responsible for the process Explain the two types of soil erosion mostly observed in India. of soil erosion. (CBSE 2012) 
