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Chemistry assignment, Schemes and Mind Maps of Chemistry

University of Nizwa (UN)Chemistry

Chemistry assignment and important questions

Typology: Schemes and Mind Maps

2024/2025

Uploaded on 08/08/2025

nargis-sultana
nargis-sultana 🇺🇸

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Great! Let’s dive into Air Pollution in IGCSE Chemistry — an important environmental topic.
AirPollution–IGCSEChemistrySummary
🔹1.CompositionofCleanAir
Clean, dry air contains:
Gas Percentage
(%)
Nitrogen(N₂) ~78%
Oxygen(O₂) ~21%
Argon(Ar) ~0.9%
Carbondioxide(CO₂) ~0.04%
Othergases(Ne,He,CH₄,
etc.) traces
🔹2.MajorAirPollutants
Pollutant Source Effect
Carbonmonoxide
(CO)
Incompletecombustion
offuels
Poisonous:bindstohemoglobin,
reducingoxygentransport
Sulfurdioxide
(SO₂)
Burningfossilfuels
containingsulfur
Causesacidrain;respiratory
issues
Oxidesofnitrogen
(NO,NO₂)
High-temperaturecar
engines
Formsacidrain;causes
breathingproblems
Carbondioxide
(CO₂)
Completecombustionof
fuels
Greenhousegas→global
warming
Methane(CH₄) Landfills,cattlefarming Powerfulgreenhousegas
Particulates(soot) Incompletecombustion
ofhydrocarbons
Causessmog;healthissues
(asthma)
pf3

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Great! Let’s dive into Air Pollution in IGCSE Chemistry — an important environmental topic.

AirPollution–IGCSEChemistrySummary

🔹1.CompositionofCleanAir

Clean, dry air contains: Gas Percentage (%) Nitrogen(N₂) ~78% Oxygen(O₂) ~21% Argon(Ar) ~0.9% Carbondioxide(CO₂) ~0.04% Othergases(Ne,He,CH₄, etc.) traces

🔹2.MajorAirPollutants

Pollutant Source Effect Carbonmonoxide (CO) Incompletecombustion offuels Poisonous:bindstohemoglobin, reducingoxygentransport Sulfurdioxide (SO₂) Burningfossilfuels containingsulfur Causesacidrain;respiratory issues Oxidesofnitrogen (NO,NO₂) High-temperaturecar engines Formsacidrain;causes breathingproblems Carbondioxide (CO₂) Completecombustionof fuels Greenhousegas→global warming Methane(CH₄) Landfills,cattlefarming Powerfulgreenhousegas Particulates(soot) Incompletecombustion ofhydrocarbons Causessmog;healthissues (asthma)

Pollutant Source Effect Leadcompounds Oldpetrol(nowmostly banned) Toxic:damagesbrainand nervoussystem

🔹3.AcidRain

Caused by:  Sulfurdioxide(SO₂)  Nitrogenoxides(NOₓ) Reaction in air: SO ₂ + H O → H SO₂ ₂ ₃(sulfurous acid) 2SO ₂ + O ₂ → 2SO₃ SO ₃ + H O → H SO₂ ₂ ₄(sulfuric acid) NO ₂ + H O → HNO₂ ₃(nitric acid) Effects of acid rain:  Damagesbuildings(especiallylimestone/marble)  Harmsaquaticlifeinlakes  Killsplantsbydamagingleavesandsoilnutrients

🔹4.GreenhouseEffectandGlobalWarming

 CausedbyCO₂,CH₄,H₂Ovapor,andothergases  Thesegases trap heat intheEarth’satmosphere  Leadsto global warming ,meltingicecaps,risingsealevels,and extremeweather

🔹5.WaystoReduceAirPollution

 Use catalytic converters incarstoreduceCO,NOₓ  Burn low-sulfur fuels  Use renewable energy (solar,wind)  Treatindustrialwastegasesbeforereleasingthem  Promote public transport toreducevehicleemissions