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The chemistry of animals , also called animal biochemistry , focuses on the chemical processes and substances that occur within animals to support life. Here's an overview of the key chemical concepts related to animals:
🧬 1. Biomolecules in Animals
Animals are made up of several important biomolecules: Biomolecule Function in Animals Proteins Build tissues (muscles, enzymes, hormones, etc.) Lipids (fats) Store energy, form cell membranes Carbohydra tes Provide quick energy (e.g., glucose) Nucleic acids DNA and RNA control genetic information
🧬 2. Enzymes
Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in animal bodies. Example: Amylase breaks down starch into glucose in saliva.
3. Respiration
Animals use cellular respiration to produce energy: \text{Glucose} + \text{O}_2 \rightarrow \text{CO}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{O} +
text{Energy (ATP)} This occurs mainly in mitochondria of animal cells.
🧬 4. Hemoglobin & Oxygen Transport
Hemoglobin , an iron-containing protein in red blood cells, binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it in tissues. Gives blood its red color.
🧬 5. Water and Electrolytes
Animals rely on water for digestion, circulation, and temperature control. Electrolytes like Na ⁺ , K ⁺ , Ca² ⁺ , Cl ⁻ help in nerve function, muscle contraction , and fluid balance.
🧬 6. Hormones
Chemical messengers made by glands (like thyroid, adrenal, pituitary). Control metabolism, growth, reproduction. Example: Insulin regulates blood sugar levels.
🧬 7. Digestive Chemistry
Animals break down food using acids and enzymes: Stomach acid (HCl) kills microbes and starts protein digestion. Enzymes from the pancreas help digest fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.
🧬 8. Neurochemistry
Involves neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine. These chemicals transmit signals in the brain and nerves.
🧬 9. Immune Chemistry
White blood cells release antibodies and cytokines to fight infection.
