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Child Development: Media, Parenting, and Social Influences, Lecture notes of Psychiatry

Johns Hopkins University (JHU)Psychiatry

The multifaceted influences on child development, focusing on media, electronics, and parenting styles. It examines the positive and negative impacts of digital multitasking and electronic media on children's cognitive and emotional development. The document also delves into the roles of parents in emotion coaching, managing children's lives, and the effects of different parenting styles such as authoritative, indulgent, and neglectful parenting. Additionally, it covers gender development, moral behavior, and the importance of reciprocal socialization, providing a comprehensive overview of key factors shaping a child's growth and well-being. It also touches on educational approaches like constructivist and direct instruction.

Typology: Lecture notes

2024/2025

Available from 06/05/2025

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Child Developmental Psychology Study Guide
Sophie Maher
Final Exam: May 2nd
Mod 1:The Nature of Development
1. Areas children’s lives that need to improve
• Health and wellbeing
• Parenting and education
• Sociocultural context and diversity (Culture, cross-cultural studies,
ethnicity, SES status, gender)
2. Characteristics of resilient children
• Good self-control and self esteem
• Good relationship with others and family
• Connection is KEY after trauma; good connections keep us heathier and
happier
• Good intellectual function
• Self-confidence, high self esteem
3. Three key processes of development
1. Biological: genes, puberty, growth
2. Cognitive: thoughts, intelligent, language
3. Socio-emotional: relationships, emotions, personality
4. Five main childhood developmental periods
1. Prenatal: conception to birth - Cell grows into fetus then baby)
2. Infancy: (Birth to 18/24 months) - Many psychological activities begin
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Child Developmental Psychology Study Guide Sophie Maher Final Exam: May 2nd Mod 1:The Nature of Development

  1. Areas children’s lives that need to improve
    • Health and wellbeing
    • Parenting and education
    • Sociocultural context and diversity (Culture, cross-cultural studies, ethnicity, SES status, gender)
  2. Characteristics of resilient children
    • Good self-control and self esteem
    • Good relationship with others and family
    • Connection is KEY after trauma; good connections keep us heathier and happier
    • Good intellectual function
    • Self-confidence, high self esteem
  3. Three key processes of development
    1. Biological : genes, puberty, growth
    2. Cognitive: thoughts, intelligent, language
    3. Socio-emotional: r elationships, emotions, personality
  4. Five main childhood developmental periods
    1. Prenatal: conception to birth - Cell grows into fetus then baby)
    2. Infancy: (Birth to 18/24 months) - Many psychological activities begin
  1. Early Childhood: End of infancy to 5/6 yrs. PRESCHOOL years - Learn to be self-sufficient, school readiness, play with peers
  2. Mid/late childhood: ( 6 to 11 yrs.) ELEMENTARY SCHOOL Years- Master foundational skills, reading, writing, arithmetic, exposed more to world, self- control increases, achievement focus
  3. Adolescence: (10 to 19 yrs.) - rapid physical changes, independence, identity, thoughts more abstract, logical and idealistic.) The PLAY STAGES (3)
  4. Parallel play: 2 +
  5. Associate play: 3 - 4 years
  6. Cooperative play: 4 + Benefits of Play
  • Develops personality and new skills
  • Supports imitation to develop personal experiences
  • Playing out of feelings
  • Behavioral outlets for frustration
  • Physical – self-stim
  • Dev. fine and gross skills
  • Socially builds friendships
  1. Cohort effects= Generational preferences
  • Effects on life from a person’s time of birth, era or generation
  • How they act as a generation exposed to the same pop culture and tech
  1. Development influenced by
  • Nature vs. Nurture
  1. Initiative vs. Guilt (early childhood 3 - 5) 3 is a tree- inn, quilt
  2. Industry vs. Inferiority (middle to late childhood, 6 to puberty) Inferior Dino standing on dust 5. Identity vs. Confusion 12- 18 Diver dents car 9.Piaget’s Four Cognitive Stages in understanding the world
    1. Sensorimotor (birth to 2) - Collects understanding of world by connecting sensory experiences with physical actions.
    2. Preoperational ( 2 - 7 )- See the world with words and images. Symbolic thinking
    3. Concrete operational ( 7 - 11 ) - Reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different categories
    4. Formal Operational ( 11 - adulthood) - Reasons in abstract, idealistic and logical ways
  3. Positions of Pavlov and Skinner Skinner: operant conditioning: patterns of behavioral changes by rewards and punishments Pavolov: classical conditioning: neutral stimulus produces a response originally produced by another stimulus. Fears result from this
  4. What is imitation worthiness?

Having a child imitates you from looking up to you and being worthy of copying.

  1. What is Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory? Microsystem- Imitate environment- the setting in which individual lives Mesosystem- Relations in microsystems, (Home, school, church, etc.) Exosystemic- Links between social settings and immediate contexts Macrosystem- religious, political, culture in which they live Chronosystem – Life events
  2. Some challenges in Child Development Research Ethnic gloss- ethnic label used in superficial way Commented [MS2]: IMPORTANT
  1. Immigration paradox Emphasizes that despite the many cultural socioeconomic, language and other obstacles that immigrant families face, their youth show a huge level of well-being and fewer problems than a native born
  2. Attempt to reduce your children’s prejudices Familism values: importance of strong family connection to protect children and adolescents in immigrant families.
    • Familism contributes to higher academic motivation, lower depression, and fewer behavior problems
    • Also be good social role models
  1. What is socioeconomic status? The grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics and inequalities. (1) occupations that vary in prestige, with some individuals having more access than others to higher-status occupations (2) different levels of educational attainment, with some individuals having more access than others to better education (3) different economic resources (4) different levels of power to influence a community’s institutions Control resources and to participate in society’s rewards produce unequal opportunities
  2. Race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) related Interconnected Relationship • Race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) are closely linked, with significant interactions that can amplify negative influences Underrepresented racial/ethnic groups and immigrants are disproportionately represented in lower socioeconomic levels
  3. Six stressors among poor and middle-income families
    1. Family turmoil
    2. Child separation
    3. Exposure to violence
    4. Crowding
    5. Excessive noise
    6. Poor housing quality

Mod 3 : Biological Beginnings

1. Describe the evolutionary psychology of child development. - An extended childhood period might have evolved because humans require time to develop a large brain and learn the complexity of human societies. - Evolution psych- “Branch of psychology that emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior.” - Extent of prenatal testing - Both bio and environmental conditions 3. List and describe some reproductive challenges

  • Not ovulating
  • Too few sperm mobility
  • May lead to chromosome defect conditions (e.g. down syndrome)
  • Infertility 10-15 percent of u.s. couples experience infertility 4. Hereditary and environment interact to create individual differences
  • inherit from environment that are linked to genetic properties
  • parents supply inheritance predisposition Passive- children inherit genetic tendines, parents provide that env. for that tendines to grow and flourish Evocative- some genetic tendines are supported more than other traits

Active(niche-picking) – seek out niches in environment that a line with their individual and talents--sport fields, seek out that environment if they have intellectual interest in sports.

  • Genes are collaborative , not determining an individual's traits in an independent manner but rather interacting with the environment”
  • epigenetic view: development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment” 5. Postpartum period The postpartum period starts after childbirth and will last 6 weeks or until the mother’s body is returned to a pre-pregnant state. ..adjusts both physically and psychologically to the process after childbirth.
  • Loss of sleep in post-partum period
  • Hormone production changes after birth
  • Estrogen and progesterone levels drip and remain low until ovaries start period again.
  • **Emotional fluctuations, feelings of depression come and go for several months (Often peaking three to five days after birth.
  1. Best way to form an emotional connection between the mother and infant after birth**
  • Skin to skin with mother and infant
  • Immediate breast feeding (heart rate high after birth, helps calm down. Mod 4 : Prenatal Development and Birth 1 , Three periods of prenatal development
  • Get screenings for manageable conditions
  • Treat potential diseases affecting mother or baby
  • Seek educational support
  • Ensure proper nutrition
  1. What are the methods of childbirth? - Medicated :(meds to reduce pain) - Natural and Prepared Childbirth (Decreasing fear through education and breathing methods. Cesarean Delivery(C-section): incision made through abdomen from being breech. - Waterbirth: giving birth in a tub of warm water
  2. What are the three main stages of childbirth? 1. Uterine contractions (12 hours)
  • contractions cause the woman's cervix to stretch and open.
  • the contrac-tions come closer together, ( two to five minutes)
  • contractions dilate the cervix to an opening of 4 inches for baby to move from the uterus into the birth canal.
  • Uterine contractions are 15 to 20 mins apart and last up to 1 min.
  • This is the longest stage, 6-12 hours 2. Baby's head starts to move through the cervix and the birth canal (45- 1 hour)
  • The baby's head is out of the mother's body,
  • ends when baby completely emerges from the mother’s body 3.Afterbirth (only a few minutes)
  • The placenta and umbilical cord are delivered
  • blood brain barrier does not close for 6 months. (Vaccinees...etc.)
  1. APGAR measures of neonatal responsiveness APGAR SCALE
  • Used to assess the health of newborns within 1 to 5 mins after birth.
    • Evaluates heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability. Mod 5 :Physical Development and Health
  1. Developmental changes in height and weight from infancy to late childhood. BIRTH TO 1
  • At birth the average U.S. baby is around 20 inches long and weight 7 and ½ pounds.
  • 5 to 6 once a week per week in first month.
  • doubled their birth weight by 4 months
  • tripled in weight by their first birthday.
  1. Biological processes and environmental conditions (enriched or impoverished that influ-ence the brain's development)
  2. The brain has plasticity and is context dependent
  3. Development of the brain is closely linked with the child's cognitive development *Emphasizes the importance of considering interactions between experience and gene expression in the brain's development (nature vs. nurture).
  4. Four lobes of Brain and Functions? Frontal lobe: Broca's area for speech production and executive functioning Occipital lobe: Processing visual info Temporal lobe: Hearing, memory and Warneke's area for language processing Parietal lobe: Sensory info, spatial location, direct attention and motor control Speech and grammar : depend on activity in the left hemisphere in most people Humor and the use of metaphors: depend on activity in the right hemisphere ( CASE EXAMPLE: A study that compared children and young adults who had brain damage in the left hemisphere (where language functions are generally controlled) to children and young adults without brain damage found that in more than 80 percent of the individuals with damage to the left hemisphere of their brain, the right hemisphere dominated the language functions usually controlled by the left side of the brain (Chilosi & others, 2019).
  5. Impact of early experience and the brain.
  • Brain is both flexible and resilience
  • Unresponsive and unstimulating environment can lead to depression - REPEATED experience rewires the brain that result behavioral milestones
  • the infant's brain is waiting for experiences to determine how connections are made

MYELIN SHEATH

  • Two key developments during these first two years involve the myelin sheath (the layer of fat cells that speeds up the electrical impulse along the axon) and **connections between dendrites.
  • The myelin sheath** insu-lates axons and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon
  • Myelination increases the speed at which infor-mation is processed. It also is involved in providing energy to neurons and in communication ( Micu & others, 2018; Wang & others, 2021)
  • Auditory myelination is not completed until 4 or 5 years of age .
  1. Changes in sleep patterns in infancy and childhood
  • Newborns sleep an average of 17 hours
  • 6 months of age moves closer to adult-like sleep patterns, (longest span of sleep at night and their longest span of waking during the day) Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
  • infants stop breathing, usually during the night, and die suddenly without apparent cause

7.Important concerns about childhood nutrition and eating behavior

  • Breast-fed infants have lower rates of weight gain than bottle-fed infants by school age, and it is estimated that breast feeding reduces the risk of obesity by 18 to 24 percent - Marasmus is caused by a severe protein-calorie deficiency and results in a wasting away of body tissues in the infant's first year. The infant becomes grossly underweight and his or her muscles atrophy. - Kwashiorkor: caused by severe protein deficiency, usually appears between 1 and 3 years of age
  • Even if it is not fatal, severe and lengthy malnutrition is detrimental to physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development (Schiff, 2013)
  • Children who had a history of malnutrition had more problems with executive functioning (cognitive processes to control behavior) than their counterparts who were not malnourished (Selvam & others, 2018).

Mod 6: Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development

  1. How do motor skills develop?
    • Develops when infants are motivated to do something Factors:
    • Nervous system development