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CLASS 10 : - HISTORY IMPORTANT NOTES. CHAPTER - 01: THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE + The main aim of the French revolutionaries was to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. end of monarchy and establishment of a Republic. Equal rights under constitution and Uniform Law. Ideas of La patrie and Le citoyen, former royal Flag was replaced by the New French tricolour Flag. Estates General was renamed National Assembly French became the common language, new hymens, martyrs oaths taken. Centralized administration system internal tax customs duties and dues were abolished Uniform system of weights and measures were introduced The French Revolution of 1789 was the first clear expression of nationalism. NAPOLEON AND CIVIL CODE OF 1804 - NAPOLEAN-Ruled France from 1799 to 1815, in 1604 Napoleon become Emperor of France Civil Code of 1804 / Napoleonic Code Equality before the law was established Secured the Right To Property Simplified administrative measures and Tax Abolished feudal system and birth based privileges Freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues Guild restrictions were removed Transport and communication systems were improved. 8. National Currency. THE ARISTOCRACY 1. Socially and politically aristocracy was the dominant class in Europe. 2. The members of this class were by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions. 3. Their families were often connected by ties it marriages. 4. This powerful aristocracy was, however, numerically a small group. THE NEW MIDDLE CLASS It was the educated group who was carrying forward the nationalist ideas. This group wants Freedom and equality before the law for all. Govemment is formed with the consent of the people. There should be a constitution and a representative government should be formed which runs through the Parliament. Suffrage - Demand for voting rights. Economic Freedom - Elimination of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. WHAT DID LIBERAL NATIONALISM STAND FOR? - Early 19" Europe the ideology of liberalism. term ‘liberalism’ from the Latin root liber, meaning free. 1. Freedom for individual and equality of all before the law. 2. Emphasized Government By People Consent. 3. A constitution and representative govemment through parliament. 4. Suffrage — demand The right to vote: 5. Economic Freedom - The abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. PNAah wh > NouPpon> Popo an ANEW CONSERVATISM AFTER 1815 Believed that established institutions of state and society should be preserved Restore the monarchies - Bourbon dynasty was restored to power in France A series of states created on the French boundary for preventing French expansion in future Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent. imposed censorship on newspaper, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom German confederation was left untouched. THE REVOLUTIONARIES A revolutionary is someone who supports abrupt, rapid, and drastic change. During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal-nationalists underground. Secret societies found in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. A commitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress, and to fight for liberty and freedom. Poe oN PON s He is Htalian Revolutionary Member of Secret Society Of Carbonan. Found two underground societies 1. Young Italy.1831 & IL. Young Europe Believed in the Unification of Italy into a republic. his vision was democratic republics He opposes monarchy and conservatives. Mettemich described him as ‘The Most Dangerous Enemy Of Our Social Order (manarchy),” pR> ao. Greece has been under the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century. The growth of revolutionary movements in Europe provoked Greeks to struggle for their independence. Many western Europeans supported Greeks to sympathise with the ancient Greek culture. Poets and artists mobilized public opinion to support its struggle against the Ottoman Empire. Finally, with Treaty of Constantinople, 1832 Greece was recognized as an independent nation oPFeh > The year 1848 was one such year. Food shortages and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris out on the roads Food shortage and widespread unemployment brought In 1848 the population of Paris was out on the roads and Louis Philippe was forced to flee. National Assembly proclaimed a Republic granted suffrage to all adult males above 21, and guaranteed the right to work, National workshops to provide employment were set up. if France sneezes, rest of Europe catches cold’ - Metternich ROLE OF WOMEN IN NATIONALIST MOVEMENT IN EUROPE 1, They took part in political meetings and demonstrations. APO eos 2. Women attended the Frankfurt parliament also, though as observers, since the right to vote was not given them. 3. Women also participated in large numbers in the liberal movement. 4. Women formed their own Political Associations. 5. Founded newspapers. * Women were granted the Right to Vote in France in 1946. OTTO VON BISMARCK = Olt Van Bismarck is regarded as the architect of German unification, Because. He is particularly well known for his “Iron and Blood” policy. He carried out unification process with the army and the bureaucracy. Unification was completed after Prussia won three wars over seven years. In January 1871, Prussian king, William 1" , was proclaimed the German Emperor And Otto von Bismarck became Chancellor of Germany. PRON Germany unification was long and complicated process, Germany was divided in 39 Autocratic state. Prussia state was leader of German unification. Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck was the architect of the process with support from Prussian amy and Prussian bureaucracy. 5. The unification process was completed after Prussia won three wars over seven years. 6. In January 1871, Prussian king, William 1" , was proclaimed the German Emperor. And alter a long struggle Germany was unified UNIFICATION OF ITALY 1. laly unification was long and complicated process htaly was divided into 7 Autocratic states. Giuseppe Mazzini established Young Italy. Count Cavour diplomatically freed nerthem Italy. Armed volunteers Garibaldi marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of Two Sicilies, In 1861 Victor Emmanuel Il was declared the king of Italy. Peps Poke = Itgave the government enormous powers ta repress political activities, and allowed etention of political prisoners without trial for two years. 1. 2. 3 4. NO Court Trial : No Vakil, No Dalil, No Appeal 1. Gandhi ji wanted nonviolent civil disobedience against such unjust laws, which would start hartal on 6 April. 2 JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE - On 13th April 1919, a huge crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh. 3. Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit paints, and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds, 4. As the news spread, strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buiklings started. 5. 6. Gandhiji called off the Rowlatt satyagraha as the violence spread. The government responded with brutal repression. - led by two brothers Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali. Khilafat Committee formed in Bombay in March 1919 to defend the Khalifa's temporal powers (Ottoman Empire). Gandhiji convinced the Congress to join hands with the Khilafat Movement and start a Non Cooperation Campaign for Swaraj. Calcutta INC session September 1920 - Gandhi predicted that if the non-coaparation movement was successful, Swaraj could be attained in a year. At the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, the Non-Ceoperation programme was adopted. Hind Swaraj Book (1909) by Gandhi Ji - he writes in book British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate, British tule in India would collapse within a year, and swaraj would come. DSN Se Oa Be ee re Began in January 1921 The Movement in the Towns. It started with middle class participation in cities. Students, teachers, lawyers gave up studies, jobs, legal practices and joined movernents. Council elections were boycotted. Foreign goods were boycotted. Liquor shops were picketed by Women, Movement in the countryside - Peasants and tribals took over the struggle which turned violent gradually. After Chauri Chaura, 1922 violent incident Gandhi called off the Non-Cooperation Movement PEASANT MOVEMENT IN AWADH - Lead by Baba Ramchandra Sanyasi 4 3 4, against Landlords and Talukdars. The peasant movement demanded - reduction of Tax, abolition of Begar (@1X) and = social boycott of oppressive landlords In 1920, the Awadh Kisan Sabha was set up Was headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra As the movement spread in 1921, the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted and grain hoards were taken over. GUIDEM HILL TRIBAL MOVEMENT - ALLURI SITARAMA RAJU - Lead by Alluri Sitaram Raju Pw po 1. a 3 |. Against forest laws. The guerrilla wartare in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, The rebels attacked police stations, The Gudem rebellion spread In response to the Non Cooperation Movement in 1921. (INC Denied ) Raju was captured and executed in 1924, For the plantation workers, Swaraj means moving freely. They protested against the Inland Emigration Act (1859) which prevented them from leaving the plantation without permission. Each group interpreted the term swaraj in their own ways, formed by C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru in 1922, argue for a retum to council politics, Simon Commission - arrived in India in 1928 1. re 1. 2. 3. it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’, All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India. it was declared that 26 January 1930, would be celebrated as the Independence Day bad iroast gl aaa By Gandhi + 78 volunteers 12 March, 1930 to 6 April, 1930) Sabarmati to Dandi (240 miles) Because Lord Invin ignored demand for the abolition of the salt tax. He reached Dandi on 6th April, manufactured salt from the seawater, and violated the law. This marked beginning of Civil Disobedience Movement. i = It was different from Non-Cooperation Movement as people were now SG re nly Tense conperaton but eo seamen break colonial laws. Boycott of foreign goods, Non-payment of taxes, Breaking forest laws were its main features. Liquor shops were picketed by Women. Women also participated in protest marches The British Government followed a policy of brutal repression. British government arrested all the leaders including Gandhiji and Nehru. 1, Between Lord Invin and Gandhi. 2. 3 In December, 1931 Gandhiji went to London for the Second Round Table Conference but retumed disappointed, Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement but by 1934 it lost its momentum, Poona Pact September 1932 ad As 2. 3. 4. 5. Between Gandhi Ji and Or. B.R. Ambedkar The Dalits / Untouchables did not actively participate in the movement, they demanded reservation of seats, separate electorates, Dr B.R. Ambedkar formed Depressed Classes Association,1930 He clashed with Gandhiji, Poona Pact gave reserved seats in Provincial and Central Councils but were vated by general electorate The sense of collective belonging came partly through the experiance of united struggles. National identity was established : History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism. The creation of the Indian flag by Gandhiji created the nationalism feel among the citizens. Bharat Mata painting by Abanindranath Tagore. The Nationalists reminded people about the rich culture and history of our country. INDIA Mawsscee OUTLINE MAP WITH STATES IRON TERRITORIES Champaran inciga Farmer Baspagarh 1817 Silk and Cotton Textiles Spices Trade Pottery Trade Precious metal from Europe to Asia. Preaching religion (&¥ Taz) - Christian, Islam, Buddhism in ee Een Food offers many examples of long-distance cultural exchange, Noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti (Pasta). ® Common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes were only introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus discovered Americas. * Fact- Soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chilies, sweet potatoes etc. came from America * Book of Marvels by Marco Polo (Fig-3) « After discovery of America pre modern world shrank. * = India became crucial point due to central position between America and Europe. * Precious metals of America- 1. Silver— Peru and Mexico 2. Gold - EL Dorado (the fabled city of gold). * ‘Biological’ warfare - The Spanish conquerors used the germs of smallpox in the conquest of America. « Slaves were captured in Africa for growing cotton and sugar for European markets. = Until well into the eighteenth century, China and India were among the world's richest countries. CHAPTER - 05 : PRINT CULTURE AND THE MODERN WORLD THE FIRST PRINTED BOOKS (HISTORY OF PRINT) Print Begin in East Asia - earliest print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea, Print in China - 1" book printed in AD 594 onwards in China - Woodblocks technique in china * Printing for civil service examinations in China ® late 19" century, western printing techniques were imported in China. « Shanghai became hub of the new print culture. Pont in Japan - Around AD 768-770, Buddhist missionaries from China introduced haned-printing technology into Japan. Buddhist Diamond Sutra - oldest Japanese book which was printed in AD 868, « iustrated collections of paintings at Edo (Tokyo). * Calligraphy — The art of beautiful and stylised writing * 11th century, Chinese paper reached Europe via the Silk Route, * In 1295, Marco Polo (Italian) a great explorer, returned to Italy from China and brought printing knowledge back with him. « = ltalians began producing books with woodblocks, and soon the technology spread to other parts of Europe. * Inventor of first mechanical printing machine. « ‘THE BIBLE’,1448 - Gutenberg’s Bible, the first printed book in Europe. « Bible 180 copies (took 3 years to produce) - By the standards of that time, this was fast production. + Anew reading public emerged - Access to books created a new culture of reading and Books flooded the market . Religiou: and the Fear of Print — Martin Luther:- German monk in church. « Leader of Religion Reform Movement. * He wrote 95 thesis criticizing many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. * he challenged the church to debate his ideas. This led to a division within the Church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. Luther said “printing is the ultimate gift of god and the greatest one™ * Printing press was most powerful by 18" Century Printing questioned old customs traditions of monarchy and church. Books could change the world, liberate society from despatism. Print media created conditions for French revolution a ea D. [nts Statement thus explained that, now tyranny will no longer. 6. That why Mercier proclaimed - "TREMBLE, THEREFORE, TYRANTS OF THE WORLD! PRINT CULTURE AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION - Print culture created the conditions within which French Revolution occurred. . First- Print popularized the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers, Second - Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. Third - By the 1780s, literature mocked the royalty and criticized their morality were large in number. . Literature circulated underground and led to the growth sentiments against the monarchy. . Voltaire and Rousseau, they were also exposed lo monarchical and Church propaganda Above print condition led French Revolution PRON os CENTURY PRINT « Children, Women and Workers Important readers as well a5 writers. @ In 1857, in France, a children's press was set up. = manuals teaching proper behaviors and housekeeping. « In 19" century - libraries in England became a medium for educating white-collar workers, artisans and lower-middle-class people, « The press came to be made out of metal « Cylindrical Press - Richard M. Hoe (power driven) printing 8000 sheets per hour ® Inthe late 19th century, offset press was developed thal can print up to six colours at a time. « By the 20th century, electrically operated presses accelerated printing operations. i - In India, manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper. « Print comes to India:- 1° printing press - Goa with Portuguese missionaries in the mid 16th century and printed several Konkani tracts * Many books were printed in Konkani and languages. * 1st Tamil book at Cochin in 1579. * 1st Malayalam book was printed in 1713. * Bengal Gazette 1780 by James Augustus Hickey * * von iegac nescinen ‘a eominercia) paper = lhe to on but influenced by none’. - New ideas emerged. * Intense debates and controversies between social and religious reformers. ® ideas were printed in local languages (Vernacular) * Kaumudi 1821 ® Samachar Chandrika by Hindu orthodox- to oppose Ram Mohan roy ideas. * In 1810, the first printed - Ramecharitmanas of Tulsidas, a 16th century text published in Calcutta. * [Encouraged discussions, debates and controversies within and among different religions. * Connected communities and people in different parts of India. * Newspapers conveyed news from one place to another, creating pan-indian identities. Women's reading habit increased in middle class. Liberal husbands and fathers began educating their womenfolk at home, and sent them to school also. Print on Women’ 's education , wideationd and a remarriage and Women’s in The national movement ‘Women writers:-1.Tarabai 3 SOCIAL RErOnm ERS le- Maharashtra 2.Pandita Ramabai - Maharashtra 3.KailashBashini Debi - Bengal - in this book He wrote about thei Infusiioas of "| 7] ‘Caste’ * &.R, Ambedkar in Maharashtra. « E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker in Madras (Pariyar). * Kashibaba- 4 Kanpur mill worker, wrote and published Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal in 1938. « By the 1820s, Calcutta Supreme Court passed certain regulations to control press freedom. * Vernacular Press Act.1878 - was passed. It provided extensive rights to government to censor reports. But nationalist newspapers grew in numbers. * Bal Gangadhar Tilak wrote in favour of Punjab revolutionaries in Kesar in 1907. 
