HISTORY CLASS 7 SHORT NOTES, Schemes and Mind Maps of History

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CLASS 7 HISTORY

CHAPTER 7 TRIBES, NOMADS AND AN EARLY REPUBLIC

I. KEY WORDS

II. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1. What kinds of exchanges took place between nomadic pastoralists and settled agriculturists? Answer:

1. Nomadic pastoralists gave wool, ghee etc.
2. Settled agriculturalists gave the nomadic pastoralists grains, cloth, utensils and other products.

2. How was the administration of the Ahom state-organized? Answer: Administration of Ahoms

1. The Ahom state depended upon forced labour.

• The forced workers were called paiks.

2. A census of the population was taken.

• Each village had to send a number of paiks by rotation.
• People from heavily populated areas were shifted to less populated places. — Ahom clans were thus broken up.

3. By the first half of the seventeenth century, the administration became quite centralised.

3. What changes took place in varna-based society? Answer: The following changes took place in varna-based society:

• Smaller castes or jatis emerged within varnas.
• On the other hand, many tribes and social groups were taken into caste- based society and given the status of jatis.
• Specialised artisans such as smiths, carpenters and masons were also recognised as separate jatis by the Brahmanas.
• Jatis rather than vama became the basis for organising society.
• Among the Kshatriyas, new Rajput clans became powerful.
• Many tribes became part of the caste system. But only the leading tribal families could join the ruling class. A large majority joined the lower jatis of caste society.
• Many dominant tribes of Punjab, Sind and the North-West Frontier had adopted Islam. They continued to reject the caste-system.

8. Which tribe was very influential in Punjab during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries? Answer: The Khokhar tribe was very influential in Punjab during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries 9. Name the tribe which was powerful in the north-west. Answer: Balochis 10. Name any two tribes which lived in the extreme South Answer: Vetars and Maravars 11. Who were specialised artisans? Answer: Smiths, carpenters, and masons were specialised artisans 12. Who controlled Garh? Answer: A Gond clan usually controlled the Garh 13. What made the Brahmanas more influential in the Gond Society? Answer: The Gond raja began to grant land to the Brahmanas. This made them influential. 14. When did the Mughal forces attack Garha Katanga? Answer: The Mughal forces attacked Garha Katanga in 1565. 15. Name the items which the Mughals captured by defeating the Gonds. Answer: Precious coins and elephants. 16. Who introduced new methods of rice cultivation? ‘ Answer: The Ahoms introduced new methods of rice cultivation. 17. When did the Mughals attack the Ahom kingdom? Answer: The Mughals attacked the Ahom kingdom in 1662. 18. What do present-day historians use to write tribal histories? Answer: They use oral traditions and rich customs of the tribal people to write their (tribals’) histories.

DO THE MAP WORK GIVEN ON PAGE NUMBER 93 OF THE TEXTBOOK.