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BSTBPC - 2018 India : Resources and Utilisation Importance of Resources: You use many things in your life. All the things that come in use are resources. Resources can be both physical and biological. On the one hand physical materials like land, soil, water, minerals fulfill the human needs and become resources whereas, on the other biological materials , such as, Vegetation, wild - life and aquatic life are not less important in making the human life comfortable. Both physical and biological, materials become useful with the help of the technology. Since ancient times vegetation and wild life was available in the forests. The aquatic life has been flourishing since lakhs of years in Lake and Oceans. Coal, Petroleum and other minerals were lying in the earth's womb since time immemorial but there was scarcity of technical knowledge in the primitive human beings of that time. Slowly there was increase in the population and necessities and this increase initiated the rate of quick acquisition of knowledge. Not only this, primitive people with this acquired technical knowledge became knowledgeable man. Man became capable of making his life comfortable by utilising available materials in the environment with the help of popular techniques. The civilisation flourishes when popular technique is being used in the environment by human beings. Lastly the customs and ways of human habitation acquire the position of cultural resources. Thus, the meaning of resource is very broad. Here, the words of Zimmerman, the famous Geographer, are worth mentioning “Resources are not; they become.” Geography :: 1 During present time services are also considered as resources. If a Singer, Poet or Painter through his activity earns wealth and satisfy himself then his activities are also called resources. The poem of a poet, painting of a painter and singing of a singer are also resources. In true sense human being, himself, is a resource because he has knowledge (Technique) through which he can make any material useful. Thus, this concept is doubtful that resources are gift ofthe nature. | Fig, 4,4: Relationship of human beings with environment The resources are socio - technology and institutions. economic backbone of any country. The countries devoid of resources lag behind in international race but it does not mean that only resource rich nations can develop. Japan is one such nation which has very less resources but its human resource is technically so well equipped that today it stands along with the developed nations of the world by judiciously utilising available materials. Thus, in the development of any nation, along with physical and biotic resources, human resource plays an important role. Amidst various, resources man is positioned as a. controller, who establishes interrelationship between materjals available in the environment, technology and institutions through which materials available in the environment becomes useful. It can be understood from Fig. 1.1. g CLASSIFICATIONOFRESOURCES: =: args Following are the basis of classificationafresources: - A. On the basis of origin — Biotic and Abiotic Environment Technology Institution é Geography 1:2 c « dwnership of particular On the basis of Utility resources have two classes: Renewable Resourcest Those resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes e.g.-'solar energy, wind energy, water, electricity, forest and wildlife are called renewable resources. They can be classified ra 2 “4 in to continuous or flow and living resources. Fig. 1.2 , Non - Renewable Resources: The formation of these resources involves very long period and complex process. The completion of this process can take lakhs of years .Some of these resources are not recyclable and get exhausted once they are used e.g. Fossil fuels. re On the basis of ownership resources can be of four types: Individual Resources: These resources come under the individual for which. they pay revenue to the government. e.g. - Plot of land, house and other property over which i people have personal ownership. Garden orchard, Ponds, ell etc. are also such resources, over which an individual has personal ownership. > ESPARRUAIEY Res@urees: This type of resource is owned by some particular community which is accessible to all the members of the’ community - such as grazing grounds, burial grounds, Temple of Masjid‘campuses, community houses, ponds etc. In the urban areaé this type of resources can be seen in the form of public. parks, picnic. spots, playgrounds, Mandir, Masjid, Gurdwara and Churché§; thee resources are accessible to people related to the community. Geography 24 BSTBPC - 2018 + National Resources: Legally all the available resources that lie within the country or nation are national resource. The government of the country has statutory rights to acquire private resources for public welfare. You might have seen Urban Development Authority boards in your village or in nearby areas. They have been authorised to acquire land by the government; they develop land along with other urban resources. « International Resources: These resources are being controlled by International Institution. After 200 km. from the coastline on the open oceanic resources no country can claim ownership over that resource. These resources can be utilised only for research purposes by a country with the concurrence of international institutions. On the basis of status of development resources can be of four types: + Potential Resources: Such resources which are found ina particular region and there is possibilities of their utilisation but have not been utilised as yet. For example, minerals of Himalayan region which are very cost effective as its mining is very deep and they lie in very remote areas. Similarly, Rajasthan and Gujarat have huge potential for the development of wind and solar energy but these resources have not been developed properly so far. Developed Hesources: Those resources whose quantity and quality have been determined after survey are known as developed resources. As discussed earlier, the development of resources depends upon technology and level of their feasibility. Geagraphy #: 5 BSTBPC - 2018 For example, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh etc. are such States which have abundant reserve of minerals and coal. Similarly, Bihar is also rich in minerals like Lime stone and Pyrite. In Arunachal Pradesh water resources-are abundantly available but due to some unknown reasons they have not been able to develop. In Rajasthan along with solar energy there is abundance of wind energy but it is a deficient state from the point of view of water resources. In India there are regions like Ladakh, which lies isolated from the rest of the country as cold desert but it has a very rich cultural heritage. Here, there is acute scarcity of water, vital minerals and basic infrastructure of other needs. Thus, on the National, state and local levels, for the management and balance of resources, the planning of resources is mandatory. The planning of resources is a complex process. For this essential activity is required. These activities act as steps for the resource planning. With the support of these steps, the available resource of the country can be judiciously utilised and path of development can be achieved. Resource Planning in india: The steps of the resource planning can be studied by dividing them into following forms: (A) Survey of the different regions of the country for the identification of '_. the resources, ; . (B) After survey, preparation of map, measurement and estimation of the resources on qualitative and quantitative basis. ete (C) For providing real structure to the development of the resources, appropriate technology, skill and institutional planning structure is to be prepared. J : (D) To establish co-ordination between national development plans and resource development plans. nt y After Independence, efforts have been made to achieve fixed targets of resource planning in our country. In this regard, government of India has made concerted effort right from the launch of the first five year plan. The resources are an essential condition for the development of any unit but in the absence of required changes in the technology and institutions, development is not possible only on the basis of availability of the resources. Even today, there are many states in our country which in spite of having abundance of resources are categorised as economically backward states. Just on the contrary there are some states which are resource deficient but economically they are developed. Conservation of resources: Resources play an important role i the development of civilisation an culture but unmindful or over utilisatio’ of resources may lead to social, economic, cultural and environmental problems. Fo the solution of these problems, resource conservation at various levels is essential. The planned and mindful utilisation of resources is known as conservation of resources. Since ancient times conservation of resources has remained a topic of concern for great social reformers, leaders, thinkers and environmentalists. In this regard, the view of great philosopher and thinker, Mahatma Gandhi is very apt “There is enough for everybody's need and not for anybody's greed” “Narmada Bachao Abhiyan” of Medha Patekar, “Chipko Andolan” of Sundar Lal Bahuguna and “expansion of agricultural land by rain water harvesting” by Sandeep Pandey are very appreciable steps in the direction of resource conservation. Many thinkers like Gandhiji are of the view that greedy and selfish tendency of mankind and exploitative nature of modern technology have forced the rapid depletion of the resources. Gandhiji was strictly against production through machines and always sspported production of products Geography :: The greed of man has led to over exploitation of the resources which has reduced the level of reserves of the resources at a very alarming level. The centralisation of the resources in the hands of select people has divided the society in to visible two (Rich and Poor) classes. The resources were unmindfully and greedily exploited by the affluent class, which developed serious crisis in the world ecology. Ecological crisis like’ global warming, depletion of Ozone layer, environmental pollution, soil erosion, land shifting, chemical rainfall, untimely change of season etc. is ready to destroy civilisation and culture that exists on the earth. If these greedy elements or countries continue this uninterrupted exploitation then biotic life on earth may be destroyed. To get rid of the above conditions and bring back the qualitative life of the biotic world, at first it is mandatory to judiciously distribute the available resources in the society. In other words, planned use of the resources is essential; without harming the environment, keeping the need of the future in mind and maintaining the progress of present developmental work in continuation. This concept is known as ‘Sustainable Development’; through this along with present development the future can also be safe. Things to Remember: ¢ First Earth Summitwas held from 3- 14 June, 1992 at Rio de Janeiro. In this summit about 178 representatives of developed and developing nations participated. An agreement was made on issues like Global warming, Forest - Conservation, Bio - Diversity, Agenda 21 and Rio declaration. ¢ Agenda 24: In the auspices of United Nation Environment and Development (UNCED), a 800 page declaration approved by the head of the countries, in Rio de Janeiro summit, in which to attain sustainable development 21 agendas were accepted. For the constitution of this Agenda 21 directions was given to each nation and 'Word Environment Fund' was established to meet the expected expenditures, Geagraphy 1 16 BSTBPC - 2018 The Second Earth Summit was held from 23- 27 June 1997 at New York for the evaluation of the first earth summit after 5 years. It is also called plus 5 summit. Quito Summit : A summit was held at Quito of Japan in December 1997 to save the earth from global warming in which 159 nations participated. In this summit agreement was reached on the reduction of utilisation of 6 gasses (Co2, Methane, N20, HFC, CFC, Sulphur Hexa Chloride) mainly responsible for global warming. Where European Union agreed to reduce the emission of these gasses 8 percent, United States of America to 7 percent and Japan to 6 percent. This summit can be considered as the extension of the Montreal agreement held in 1987. This summit is also known as World Environment Summit or Green House Summit. Third Earth Summit was held from 26" August to 4” September, 2002 at Johannesburg. In this summit world wide agreement on 150 articles related to environment was to be made but this summit failed to produce any result. In this summit 2000 representatives from different countries of the world participated. Geagraphy i 14 BSTBPC - 2018 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS : Define Resources. Write the utility of Resource Conservation. EF ax Differentiate between Potential and Reserve resources. 3. ‘* What is the role of technology in the manufacturing of the resources? Clarify. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS : eS a Explain the concept of ‘Sustainable Development’ in the development of the resources. 2. Describe the different features of the resources on the Basis of ownership. PROJECT WORK: 1. With the help of your teacher organise a symposium in school in which discussion should be on conservation on those resources which is being utilised. 2. Survey the available possible human resources in your block and presenta report based on their development. aD oS (A) NATURAL RESOURCES (A) LANB RESGUREES In the previous chapter you have been acquainted with the concept of resources. Here, it has been made clear that the richness of any country depends on the judicious utilisation of the available resources. The concept of resources believes in the support that satisfies human needs and services. For this technical knowledge and institutional support is mandatory. We live on Land. Our economic activities are performed on land itself. We utilise it in different ways. Therefore, it is a very important resource. Itis a natural resource because it has been formed by nature. It is a fundamental resource because economic activities like agriculture, plantation, pastoral, fishery, mining, wild life, transport and communication are performed on land. Though, it has very wide range of use but it is a resource of finite magnitude. Therefore, it is necessary to utilise the available land for different purposes, carefully and ina planned manner. There are variety of physical features of land resources, such as Mountains, Plateau, Plains, Low Lands and Valleys etc. These different features are affected by climate also. India has sufficient land resources. Here, there is extension of plains on about 43 percent of the total available land which is useful for the development of agriculture and — industries. 30 percent of the total surface area is is mountainous region which determines the flow of perennial rivers and creates favorable conditions for the development of tourism. It is also important for ecological balance. The Geography +14 Change in temperature, running water, wind, glacier and other activities of decomposition are such factors that support the formation of soil. The role of organic and chemical changes is significant in the formation of soil. Conclusively, this can be said that in the formation of the soil both organic (humus) and inorganic materials participate. On the basis of responsible components of soil formation such as their colour - structure, thickness, age or chemical and physical properties, the soil of India‘can be studied and classified under following different types: CLASSIFICATION OF SOILAND DISTRIBUTION: There is distinct variation in relief, land structure, climate and vegetation of India. As a result of which six types of soil have mainly developed. They all are the basis of quality of land resource. Their respective descriptions are following: 1. Alluvial Soil: This soil is spread all over India and is the most important ‘soil. The plains of northern India are completely formed of alluvial soil, which is formed due to the alluvial deposits of three important rivers systems of Himalayas namely Sindhu, Ganga and Brahmaputra. This soil is also extended in the form of a narrow corridor in Rajasthan and Gujarat. The Deltas formed by Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri rivers, situated in the eastern coastal plains are also associated with alluvium. In total alluvial soil is spread over in about 6.4 crore hectare of land in India. Fig. 1(A). 3 : Alluvial Soil Geography =: 16 BSTBPC - 2018 The alluvial soil is constituted by sand, silt and clay in different proportions. Its colour may range from hazy to reddish brown. The grains of this soil keep on increasing in size from the mouth of the river to upper portion of the valley respectively. This type of soil is generally found in the piedmont plains areas such as Duars, Chos and Terai. Apart from the size of the grains or components the soil can also be recognised from its age. On the basis of age there are two types of alluvial soil: Old and new alluvium. The old alluvium has higher concentration of Kankar nodules. It is called 'Bangar'. The new alluvium mostly contains very fine grains in comparison to Bangar and is called 'Khadar'. In Khadar mixture of sand and slay is found. Itis very fertile. In alluvial soil adequate amount of Potash, Phosphorous and Lime are found, where as it is deficient in Nitrogen and organic materials. This soil is ideal for crops like Sugarcane, Paddy, Wheat, Maize, Pulses etc. Because this soil is very fertile, it is intensively cultivated as a result of which, here, the density of population is very high. 2. Black Soil: This soil is black in color which is due to the presence of Aluminum and Iron compound. This soil is suitable for Cotton cultivation and that is why it is called ‘Black Cotton Soil'. In India this soil is spread over an area of 6.4 crore hectares, : which extends particularly in ; —— Lava Region - Maharashtra, Fig. 1(A). 4: Black Soil Gujarat, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu states of Deccan. The formation of this soil occurred due to the disintegration of the parent rock and volcanic lava Basalt. Locally, this soil is also called ‘Regur'. Geography :: 17 BSTBPC - 2018 decomposes the organic materials are destroyed. Due to weathering the laterite soil becomes hard. Because of the presence of the oxide of Aluminum and iron it looks red in colour. By utilising fertilizers and other manures in this type of soil, cultivation can be done. Laterite soil is found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and hills of Odisha and Assam. In states like Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu Tea and Coffee is produced with the help of soil conservation techniques. In Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala this soil is suitable for growing Cashew nut. Fig. 1 (A).5 : Laterite Soil Geagrephy +39 5, Arid Soll: This type of soil develops in the areas which has long dry season, | scanty rainfall and sandy soil which is devoid of humus. In this soil the development of cracks is very less. Chemical weathering is extremely limited. The colour of this soil is red or light brown. This type of soil is found in aa : western Rajasthan, Fig.1 (A).6 : Arid Soil Saurastra, Kucch, western Haryana and southern Punjab. There is scarcity of vegetation and fertile minerals in the soil but by making arrangements of irrigation, crops like cotton, rice, wheat can also be grown. 6, Mountain Soil: This type of soil is generally seen in mountainous and hilly areas where sufficient rainforest are found. This soil is complex and varied in nature. In river valleys they are found in the form of alluvial soil and in upper parts coarse - grained immature soil is found. Because of the complex and diverse structural, vegetational and humid conditions, here large areas of one type of soil are not found. In snow covered areas these soils experience denudation and they become acidic and devoid of humus. In the lower parts of river valleys, particularly in river terraces and alluvial fans, these soils are fertile. Here, on the slopes, orchards and in the river valleys rice and potatoes are grown all over the area. The distribution of all the above mentioned soils can be seen in fig no. 1{(A).7. 
