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Class 10

th

Social Science

Geography

Minerals and Energy Resources

The given picture shows the development of which source of energy?

A. Biogas

B. Geothermal energy

C. Solar energy

D. Nuclear energy

Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives." Support the statement with examples.

● Minerals are used to create or produce almost everything we use everyday.

● This includes our technology, equipment etc which are made of steel, silicon, aluminium, copper, gold, silver. Needles, Utensils, Clothes, Jewellery, and containers are all made of minerals.

● Transportation was made possible because of minerals. The railway lines, roads, cars, buses, trains, airplanes are manufactured from minerals.

● Even the food that we eat contains minerals. Minerals are produced when we digest it and even when we excrete it.

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Explain any three types of formations in which minerals occur.

Three main types of formations in which mineral occurs are

● Veins and Lodes Smaller occurrences are called veins and larger ones are called lodes. In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints.

● Beds or Layers In sedimentary rocks, minerals occur in bed or layers. They are formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata. (layers)

● Placer Deposits Certain minerals occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills as placer deposits

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● Copper : Used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries. The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh, Khetri mines in Rajasthan and Singhbhum district of Jharkhand are leading producers of copper. ● Bauxite : Aluminium is formed from Bauxite. Aluminium combines the strength of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malleability. Bauxite is mainly found in Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni. It is majorly found in Odisha.

Classification and distribution of minerals

Ferrous

Non Ferrous

● Iron : backbone of industrial development. Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content of iron up to 70 per cent, Haematite ore is the most important industrial iron ore, content iron between 50-60 per cent Major Iron ore belts found in India are Odisha-Jharkhand belt, Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt, ballari-Chitradurga-Chikmagalur Tumkur belt, and Maharashtra-Goa belt. ● Manganese : Manganese is used for manufacturing of steel, ferro-manganese alloy, bleaching powder, insecticides and paints.

Peninsular rocks, Western ghats and Eastern ghats, Rajasthan

(a) Distinguish between the following Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals

Ferrous Minerals

● The minerals which contain iron ore are known as ferrous minerals.

● These are helpful in the development of metallurgical industries.

● Iron ore, chromite, cobalt, etc are the examples of ferrous minerals.

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Non-ferrous Minerals

● The minerals which do not contain iron ore are known as non-ferrous minerals.

● These play an important role in engineering and electrical industries.

● Copper, zinc, lead and aluminium are the examples of non-ferrous minerals.

Why is conservation of minerals important? How can we conserve minerals?

Conservation of minerals is essential because:

● It is a finite resource as only one per cent of the earth's crust comprises workable minerals.

● It is non-renewable because the geological process that leads to its formation is much slower than the rate of consumption today.

Three methods to conserve minerals:

● Use of mineral resources has to be planned to avoid over-exploitation and contribute to sustainable development.

● Technology has to be improved in a way that low-grade ores can be used at lower costs.

● Metals should be recycled and scrap metals and substitutes must be used.

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In India, the Gulf of Khambhat, the Gulf of Kachchh and the Gangetic delta provide ideal condition for utilising which energy?

A. Tidal energy

B. Wind energy

C. Solar energy

D. Non-conventional energy

Which is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India? Assess the important characteristics of its different forms.

Coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India.

● Peat : Decaying plants in swamps produce peat.

● Lignite : It has 60-70% carbon. It is soft and brown in colour, and having high moisture content.

● Bituminous : It is used for commercial purpose especially ideal for smelting iron in blast furnaces. It has 75-90% carbon content.

● Anthracite : It is used in the metal smelting and fabrication industries especially used as a reduction agent for various applications i.c. briquetting charcoal, iron-ore pellets and other uses. It has more than 90% carbon content per kg and its heating content per kg is highest.

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Natural Gas

Electricity

● Natural Gas is found with petroleum deposits and is released when crude oil is brought to the surface. It is used as fuel in power sector to generate electricity, in chemical, petrochemical and fertilizer industries, as transport fuel and as cooking fuel. ● Krishna- Godavari basin, the Gulf of Cambay Andaman and Nicobar islands. Hazira-Vijaipur - Jagdishpur cross country gas pipeline

The per capita consumption of Electricity is considered as an index of development.

● Hydro electricity : Generated by fast flowing water, and by multi-purpose projects like the Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley Corporation, the Kopili Hydel Project, etc., producing hydroelectric power. ● Thermal electricity : Generated by using coal, petroleum and natural gas in 310 thermal power plants.

Non Conventional Sources

Non-Conventional Energy sources are becoming the preferred sources of energy.

Nuclear or Atomic energy

Solar Energy

● Energy obtained by altering the structure of atoms ● Uranium and thorium available in Jharkhand and in Rajasthan are used for generating atomic or nuclear power. The Monazite sands of Kerala is also rich in Thorium.

Wind Power

Bio Gas

● Wind farms are located in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep.

● Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas. ● Gobar gas plants and twin benefits. ➔ Energy to the farmers ➔ Improved quality of manure.

● India has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy. Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity. ● It will minimise the dependence of rural household on firewood and dung cakes.

Tidal energy ●^ Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity. The Gulf of Khambhat, the Gulf of Kachchh in Gujarat on the western coast and Gangetic delta in Sunderban regions of West Bengal provide ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy.

Geothermal energy ●^ Refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the Earth. ● The Parvati valley near manikaran in HP and Puga valley Ladakh

Conservation of energy resources

● Judicious use of limited energy resources. ● Minimise wastage of minerals. ● Use of modern technology for the exploitation of energy resources. ● Minimise the export of energy resources. ● Use of substitutes. ● Encourage recycling. ● Need to develop a sustainable path of energy development.

How can biogas solve the energy problem mainly in rural India? Give your suggestion

Biogas can solve the energy problem in the rural areas due to the reasons mentioned below

● It produces gas having higher thermal efficiency than charcoal and kerosene. ● It provides a way for optimum utilisation of animal and plant waste. ● It produces enriched organic manure that can supplement or even replace chemical fertilisers. ● It burns smoothly and does not leave much residue behind. ● It is easy to produce and store. Some suggestions to improve the biogas energy production in rural areas are given below

● Government should provide monetary assistance to people in the rural areas to set up biogas plants. ● Awareness must be created for using this alternative sources of energy.

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There is a pressing need for using renewable energy sources in India." Justify the statement.

There is a growing need for increasing the use of renewable energy sources due to the following reasons

● The conventional or non-renewable sources of energy are depleting very fast and we are dependent on imports of petroleum and natural gas to meet our needs.

● Renewable energy sources do not cause environmental pollution with their use and so, to preserve our environment, we must change over to use more of such sources.

● Non-conventional or renewable sources of energy are very economical in use as compared to conventional sources. Thus, to save expenses, we should use renewable energy sources.

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