clp 4143 exam 2 fsu (notes and study guide)/comprehensive/2024/25, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Abnormal Psychology

clp 4143 exam 2 fsu (notes and study guide)/comprehensive/2024/25

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clp 4143 exam 2 fsu (notes and study
guide)/comprehensive/2024/25
1.anxiety: a negative mood state characterized by bodily symptoms
of physical tension and by apprehension about the future
2.responses to threat: emotional, cognitive, and behavioral
3.emotional response to threat: sense of dread, terror, restlessness,
irritability
4.cognitive response to threat: looking out for danger
5.behavioral response to threat: confront or flee the threat
6.why do we get anxious?: it is adaptive (natural alarm response),
prepares us to do something (fight, flight, freeze)
7.true or false: some anxiety is good: true
8.adaptive and maladaptive fears: Evolutionary perspective often
focused on evolutionary significance of anxiety and fear
Emotional responses are adaptive.
Mobilize responses that help the person survive in the face of both
immediate danger and long-range threats
9.3 questions regarding adaptive v. maladaptive fears: 1. are concerns
realistic given the circumstances?
2.is the amount of fear in proportion to the threat?
3.does the concern persist in the absence of the threat?
10.what is the key to fear v. anxiety disorder diagnosis?: distress
impairment
11.fear v. anxiety disorder diagnosis questions: 1. does it interfere with
your sleep, work, studying, quality of life, etc?
2. is it impairing and affecting your life significantly?
12.anxiety disorders involve: maladaptive fear
13.DSM-5 Anxiety Disorders: panic
disorders specific phobias
social anxiety disorder
generalized anxiety
disorder
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clp 4143 exam 2 fsu (notes and study

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  1. anxiety: a negative mood state characterized by bodily symptoms of physical tension and by apprehension about the future
  2. responses to threat: emotional, cognitive, and behavioral
  3. emotional response to threat: sense of dread, terror, restlessness, irritability
  4. cognitive response to threat: looking out for danger
  5. behavioral response to threat: confront or flee the threat
  6. why do we get anxious?: it is adaptive (natural alarm response), prepares us to do something (fight, flight, freeze)
  7. true or false: some anxiety is good: true
  8. adaptive and maladaptive fears: Evolutionary perspective often focused on evolutionary significance of anxiety and fear Emotional responses are adaptive. Mobilize responses that help the person survive in the face of both immediate danger and long-range threats
  9. 3 questions regarding adaptive v. maladaptive fears: 1. are concerns realistic given the circumstances? 2.is the amount of fear in proportion to the threat? 3.does the concern persist in the absence of the threat?
  10. what is the key to fear v. anxiety disorder diagnosis?: distress impairment
  11. fear v. anxiety disorder diagnosis questions: 1. does it interfere with your sleep, work, studying, quality of life, etc?
  12. is it impairing and affecting your life significantly?
  13. anxiety disorders involve: maladaptive fear
  14. DSM-5 Anxiety Disorders: panic disorders specific phobias social anxiety disorder generalized anxiety disorder

trauma and stressor related disorders (PTSD), obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCD, body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair pulling), and excoriation (skin picking))

  1. fight or flight begins in the: pituitary gland
  2. panic attack: can occur in the context of any disorder discrete period of intense fear or discomfort
  3. panic attack symptoms must occur: 4+ within 10 minutes)
  4. panic attack symptoms: racing heartbeat/palpitations numbness/tingling feelings of unreality/detachment from one's self nausea feelings of choking/being smothered fear of going crazy/losing control chest pain sweating fear of dying
  5. cued panic attack: occurs in the presence of the feared stimulus or situation
  6. uncued panic attack: occurs without any sort of clear sort of trigger
  7. panic disorder: recurrent uncued (out of the blue) panic attacks plus worry about additional attacks worry about what the attacks mean OR a significant change in behavior
  8. panic attacks have a lifetime prevalence rate of: 28%
  9. panic disorder has a lifetime prevalence rate between: 3-5%
  10. panic disorders are more common in women: 2-3x
  11. panic disorder onset: between late adolescent and mid-30s
  12. first time people have panic attacks, they: go to the ER for "heart attack"
  13. agoraphobia: marked fear or anxiety about at least two of these

highly relevant to anxiety disorders

  1. safety behaviors in panic disorder: slow down breathing sit down grab hold of something distract drink water during panic attack take xanax avoidance of situations causing panic (bridges, shopping malls, etc)
  2. biological treatments for anxiety and panic disorder: medication affecting serotonin and norepinephrine systems -SSRI, SNRI, tricyclic antidepressants most people experience a relapse of symptoms when drug therapies are discontin- ued
  3. cognitive behavioral therapy for anxety: interoceptive exposure in vivo exposure
  4. interoceptive exposure: strategically inducing the somatic symptoms associat- ed with a threat appraisal and encouraging the patient to maintain eye contact with the feared sensations
  5. in-vivo exposure: gradually confront feared situations in a systematic manner
  6. state of the science: roughly 3/4 of people with panic disorder are panic-free following CBT. treatment effects endure over time
  7. specific phobias are different from .: not liking something; involve im- pairment or distress
  8. specific phobia involves: fear that is excessive or unreasonable, cued by the presence of a specific object or situation, which always provokes immediate fear or anxiety
  9. specific phobias: adaptive fears expressed in a maladaptive manner
  10. 4 categories of specific phobias: animal type natural environment type situational type

blood-injection-injury type

  1. animal type: specific animals or insects (dogs, cats, snakes, spiders, etc)
  2. what kind of animal phobia is the most common in the US?: snake
  3. natural environment type: events or situations in natural environments (storms, heights, water, etc)
  4. situational type: specific situations (public transportation, tunnels, bridges, el- evators, flying, driving, enclosed spaces, etc)
  5. blood-injection-injury type: seeing blood or an injury or receiving an injection often (but not always) results in fainting 48. what percentage of people with a blood phobia report fainting history?: - 70%
  6. what percentage of people with an injection phobia report fainting histo- ry?: 56%
  7. true or false: most people with one specific phobia have another: true
  8. learned patterns of behavior can turn into: psychological disorders
  9. in classical conditioning, and influence behavior: reward; punish- ment

people as much

perceive rejection and negative evaluation everywhere difficulties with intimacy and emotional disclosure

  1. biological theories of social anxiety disorder: genetic component 10x more likely in 1st degree relatives than the general population general tendency toward anxiety
  2. cognitive theory of social anxiety disorder: exaggerated likelihood of nega- tive evaluation exaggerated costs of negative evaluation
  3. other features of social anxiety cognitive approaches: safety behaviors
  • over-prepare for conversations
  • wear makeup to hide blush
  • avoid eye contact
  • alcohol/marijuana use attentional biases
  • self-focused attention
  • rejection
  1. biological treatments for social anxiety: SSRIs, SNRIs (band-aid solutions)
  2. therapies for social anxiety disorders: social skills training
  • shaking hands
  • eye contact
  • smiling
  • asking polite questions
  • small talk topics cognitive based therapy
  • identifying automatic thoughts and directly challenging thoughts through cognitive restructuring
  1. cognitive based therapy components for social anxiety: exposure
  • systematic, graduated exposure to feared situations
  • both in session and in-vivo
  1. how does exposure therapy work?: stops reinforcing effects of avoidance allows practice of behavioral skills provides evidence against dysfunctional thoughts/beliefs allows person to habituate to
  1. safety behavior elimination for social anxiety: targetting safe behaviors is commonly done in CBT can be done easily through cellphone
  2. can small group cognitive behavioral therapy be more effective than indi- vidual treatment?: yes because of exposure and observational learning
  3. cognitive based therapy effectiveness: 50-70%
  4. What is worry?: a cognitive component of anxiety; anxious anticipation
  5. generalized anxiety disorder: the basic anxiety disorder comprised of thoughts of negative and catastrophic outcomes (at least 6 months) and can involve several different topics (work, school, finances, etc). it can often be difficult to control
  6. physical symptoms of G.A.D: restlessness fatigue difficulty concentrating irritability muscle tension sleep disturbance
  7. G.A.D prevalence: 4-6% of gen. pop
  8. median onset age for G.A.D: 31-
  9. Is GAD chronic?: yes
  10. interpersonal problems in G.A.D: conflict avoidance is common related to greater marital stress and lower marital quality higher levels of anger and aggression
  11. GABA theory: people with G.A.D have GABA deficiency which leads to exces- sive firing of neurons in limbic system (worry)
  12. GABA: inhibitory neurotransmitter which prevents neurons from firing when it binds to a receptor
  13. G.A.D genetic theory: biological vulnerability to GAD is inherited and causes general trait anxiety (anxious temperament)
  14. cognitive theories of GAD: - people with GAD think about threat constantly
  • over-predict likelihood and cost of aversive outcomes
  • under-predict their ability to cope with outcomes (catastrophize)
  1. people with GAD think worry is and keeps bad things from happen- ing: adaptive
  2. true or false: constant low-level worry causes people with GAD to experi- ence sudden sharp increases in negative emotions: false
  3. worry causes people with GAD to get used to negative emotions and: con- sider ways to cope with negative events

memories of the event nightmares of (or related to) the event

flashbacks (certain senses--sound, smell, vision, or full body)

  1. external avoidance: places people objects situatio ns
  2. internal avoidance: thoughts memories feelings
  3. negative changes in thoughts and emotions: changes (since the trauma) in beliefs about self or world persistent negative emotions (horror, fear, anger, guilt) numbness towards positive emotions (trouble experiencing happiness, joy, love) detachment or decreased interest in activities
  4. excessive physiological arousal: - Difficulty falling or staying asleep
  • Irritability or outbursts of anger
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Hypervigilance
  • Exaggerated startle response
  1. epidemiology: high rates of comorbidity, especially mood disorders, anxiety disorders, SUDs, and personality disorders
  2. defining traumatic events: a growing number of events are considered trau- matic
  3. ptsd vulnerability: environmental/social: severity (more or less severe) duration/frequency proximity social support
  4. ptsd vulnerability: psychological: pre-existing beliefs pre-existing distress coping styles
  5. ptsd vulnerability: biological: physiological hyperreactivity (amygdala hyper- activity (emotion center of the brain), hippocampus shrinkage (memory), chronically low cortisol levels
  1. risk factors for ptsd: limitations of research
  2. prolonged exposure: treatment rationale
  • avoidance maintains PTSD symptoms
  • confronting fear cies helps process distressing memories, leads to cognitive change, and reduced PTSD symptoms
  1. two major treatment components for ptsd: imaginal exposure and in-vivo exposure
  2. imaginal exposure ptsd: relive memory repeatedly in session, audio record- ing
  3. in-vivo exposure ptsd: confront situations they have been avoiding since the trauma
  4. ptsd treatments CBT: virtual reality therapy
  5. ptsd treatments medication: SSRIs benzodiazepenes
  6. PTSD treatments written exposure therapy: brief 5 session treatment where patient writes about a specific trauma, details of event, thoughts/feelings that oc- curred during event
  7. is written exposure therapy as effective as 12 session gold standard ptsd treatment?: yes
  8. trauma related controversies: trigger warnings and ptsd prevention studies
  9. trigger warnings: statements that alert audience to distressing content across studies, they've been found to be unhelpful but reliably increase anticipatory anxiety
  10. ptsd prevention studies: psychological debriefing controversies many researchers say ptsd prevention efforts should focus on those at risk
  11. ocd: obsessive compulsive disorder an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
  12. key features of ocd: obsessions/compulsions recognized at some point as excessive or unreasonable (doesn't apply to children). distress, time consuming (more than an hour per day) and/or impairment
  13. obsessions: recurrent and persistent thoughts, images, or

impulses that are experienced as intrusive, inappropriate, or cause distress not simply excessive worries about real-life problems (attempts to ignore, suppress, or neutralize with other thoughts/action

appearance-related safety behaviors

  1. appearance-related safety behaviors in body dysmorphic disorder: mirror checking reassurance-seeking covering/camouflaging appearance
  1. hoarding disorder: excessive acquisition of and difficulty discarding posses- sions
  2. hoarding disorder may result from: problems with information processing (decision making, attention, memory) dysfunctional beliefs about and emotional attachment to possessions
  3. lifetime prevalence for hoarding disorder: 5%
  4. biological theories for ocd: primitive circuit involved in motor behavior, cog- nition, and emotion -over-activity, inability to turn off primitive impulses and repetitive behaviors -serotonin has role in circuit strong genetic component
  5. biological treatments for ocd: antidepressants that affect serotonin (SSRI)
  6. what percentage of people with ocd experience a decrease in symp- toms?: 50-80%
  7. cognitive theories of ocd: rigid, moralistic thinking and feelings of responsi- bility believe they should be able to control thoughts counterproductive attempts at thought control 154. what percentage of the population experience "unwanted" thoughts: - 90-100%
  8. sub-type specific factors: washing compulsions -health anxiety
  • disgust sensitivity check compulsions
  • deficient memory v. poor confidence
  • repeated checking causes memory distrust
  1. behavioral theories: compulsions develop through operant conditioning compulsions are negatively reinforced (remove tension/discomfort/anxiety)
  2. cognitive behavioral treatment for ocd: exposure and response