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CMTO MCQ S T U D Y G U I D E
1. List DTR's and levels: Biceps- c5/
Brachioradialis- c6/ Triceps- c7/ Patellar- l3/ Hamstring-l4: Achilles- s
2. Grading DTRs: 0 = no response
1+ = diminished 2+ = NORMAL 3+ = increased/ hyper-reflexive 4+ = hyperactive/clonus
3. List upper body myotomes: C1/2- c-spine flexion
C3- c-spine lateral flexion C4- shoulder elevation C5- shoulder abduction C6- elbow flexion wrist extension C7- elbow extension wrist flexion C8- ulnar deviation/ thumb extension T1- finger addiction/abduction
4. List lower body myotomes: L1/2- hip flexion
L3- knee extension L4-
2 / 23 ankle dorsiflexion L5- big toe extension S1- ankle plantar flexion S2- knee flexion
5. Dermatomes of Upper Limb: Review!
6. Dermatomes of lower limb: Review!
7. What does somatosensory system do for balance?: Provides information on position and motion of body and body parts
relative to each other and the support surface (through muscle proprioceptors, golgi tendon organs, joint receptors, and skin mechanoreceptors)
8. What does vestibular system do for balance?: Provides information about position and movement of head with
respect to gravity and inertial forces through receptors in semicircular canals, and motor pathways
9. Types of Balance Control: - static (maintain a stable anti-gravity position while at rest)
- dynamic (to stabilize body when support surface is moving or when body is moving on-a. Stable surface such as sit to stand transfers or walking)
- automatic (automatic postural reactions to maintain balance in response to unexpected external stimuli such as standing on bus that is moving)
10. definition of feedforward: responses made in anticipation of a change that is too fast for sensory
input
11. Definition of anticipatory control: Responses made in intoxication of planned movements such as person planing to
pull on handle etc.
12. Definition of closed loop control: For precision movements that require sensory feedback (maintaining balance
while standing on beam for example)
13. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic: Aerobic means "with oxygen," and anaerobic means "without oxygen."
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3. Go to 7/10 on pain scale and hold until tp releases
4. Use heat and stretch muscle to release
25. Indications and benefits of vibration: Pain relief and chances to neuromuscular tone, reduce resting muscle
tone
26. Indications and benefits of percussive techniques: Airway clearance, postural drainage, pain relief, can be
relaxing or stimulating
27. Name and describe 3 phases of general adaptation in pathogenesis of stress: Alarm phase-
adrenaline release initiating flight or fight response (increased BP, respiration, perspiration, muscle tone, dilated pupils) Resistance or adaptation: hormones secreted to increase blood sugar levels and increase BP(adrenal cortex involve-ment in this phase) Exhaustion: body reserves and immunity is depleted
28. Name and describe types of cell injury: Reversible cell injury- impairment in cells normal structure or
function and returns once stress/cause is removed Irreversible cell injury: cell death, due to apoptosis or necrosis
29. Define atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, meta plasma, and dysplasia: Atro-phy- decrease in
size of cells. And be due to vascular insuflciency, malnutrition, chronic inflammation Hypertrophy- increase in size of cell without increase in total number of cells (occurs when increased functional demands placed on cells) Hyperplasia- increased number of cells which increases size of organs due to extra cells d/t excessive functional demands on cells that can divide Metaplasia-chance from one cell type to another Dysplasia- increase in cell numbers with abnormal morphology and histology
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30. Signs of inflammation: redness/erythema, heat, swelling/edema, pain
31. 5 cardinal signs of inflammation: heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function
32. Autoimmune diseases ethology and manifestations: Etiology is genetic,hormonal, en-vironmental,
medications, toxins, and/or chemicals, manifestations include inflammation in organs, fatigue, malaise, and arthralgia
33. Treatment for autoimmune disease: Immunosuppressant medications, corticosteroid medica-
tions
34. Define lymphoma, carcinoma, leukaemia, myeloma, and sarcoma: Lymphoma-cancer of lymphatic
system Carcinoma- cancer of epithelium Sarcoma- cancer of connective tissues Leukaemia, myeloma- cancer of hematopoietic system (blood cells, immature cells of bone marrow)
35. Define stages of malignant tumors: Stage 0: premalignant Stage 1-
early stage-local only Stage 2- large Timor size and risk of spread/malignancy Stage 3: local cancer has spread to organs/tissues in its proximity Stage 4: cancer has spread to distant organs/tissues
36. What are the most common cancers in both women and men: Men; prostate,
lung,colorectal Women: breast,lung,colorectal
37. Neoplasm risk factors: Smoking, drinking, obesity, inactivity, diet, unsafe sex, air pollution, contami-nated injectors, stress,
carcinogens, genetics, ethnicity, age
38. Manifestations of cancer: Nadeau and vomiting
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39. Manifestations if skin disease: Pruritis(itching)
Urticaria(raised itchy bumps) Rash Blisters/vesicles Xeroderma-dry skin
40. Name and describe 3 stages of eczema: Acute dermatitis- inflamed skin vesicles or pamphlets
with intense itching Subacute dermatitis- red scratches skin that are scattered or in a group the skin become scaled almost having silvery sheen Chronic dermatitis- thickened skin (lichenification) due to scratching or rubbing
41. Manifestations of atopic dermatitis and treatment: Red oozing crusty rash, intense itching and dry skin, can
have lichenification, commonly on creases such as elbows knees neck side of face and eyelids Treatment- moisturizer skin, prevention, topical medication, oral medications
42. Manifestations of contact dermatitis and treatment: erythema, edema, pain, pruritus,
and vesicles Treatment- avoid chemical contact, topical steroids
43. Manifestations and treatment for impetigo: Macules (flat spots) that become vesicles and the. Later pustules,
itching, malaise, fever, or lymphadenopathy Treatment- antibiotics
44. What are the names of classification of fungal infections: Tinea corporosis- ring-worm, fungal
infection of face trunk or limbs Tinea capitis- fungal infection of scalp
8 / 23 Tinea cruris- fungal infection on inner thigh/scrotum(jock itch) Tinea pedis- fungal infection of feet(athletes foot) Tinea ungluium- fungal infection of nails Tinea barbae- fungal infection of bearded area on men
45. Manifestations and treatment of herpes type 1 or 2: Tingling or pain sensation in area lesion will occur
few days prior, lesion on area Treatment- antiviral medications, c-section if pregnant to avoid passing on virus
46. Manifestation and treatment of herpes type 3 (chickenpox): Malaise, fever, headache,
photophobia, vesicles that becomes pustules, itchy Treatment-bed rest, antihistamines, topical calamine lotion, keep skin clean
47. Manifestations and treatment of herpes zoster (shingles): Blister like lesions along Dermatomal
pattern, pain and itching Treatment- antiviral medications", corticosteroids to decrease pain
48. Manifestations and treatment of cytomegalovirus: Fever, mild hepatitis symptoms, or in newborns may
have hearing or vision impairment or loss, or intellectual delays Treatment- not required as it is self limiting
49. Manifestations and treatment for Lyme disease: Fly like symptoms, chills fatigue fever, headache mailaise,
small rash, headache, stitt neck, mental diflculties , arthritis in joints
10 / 23 -Localized single group of nodes; extranodal is rare; contiguous spread (stage is strongest predictor of prognosis) Non Hodgkins -May be associated with HIV and immunosuppresion -Multiple peripheral nodes common; extranodal involvement is common, noncontiguous spread. -Majority involve B cells (except those of lymphoblastic T-cell origin) -Fewer constitutional signs -Peak incidence is around 20-40 in certain subtypes.
56. sickle cell disease: Genetic disorder in which red blood cells have abnormal hemoglobin molecules and take on an abnormal
shape.
57. COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease): disease with enlarged lung spaces, usually from
smoking can cause shortness of breath
58. Emphysema: a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breath-lessness.
59. sarcopenia: the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging
60. Classifications of scoliosis: Idiopathic, osteopathic, myopathic,
Neuropathic
61. Osteomyelitis: inflammation of bone and bone marrow
62. Symptoms of septic arthritis: Fever, chills, possible history of trauma/surgery and a warm, tender, swollen joint
63. neoplasm: Is a new growth/tumor, can be malignant or benign
64. Manifestations of osteomyelitis: Acute and chronic inflammation, fever, pain, necrotic bone
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65. What is osteoblastoma?: Rare tumor that occurs mostly in vertebral column, sacrum, calvarium, long bones and small bones
of the hands and feet Jn jaws- mandibular posterior region In young patients <
66. Define 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree strains and sprains: 1st degree: mild tear
- stretching on mine are tearing of a few fibres without loss of integrity, with only minor, swelling and discomfort 2nd degree: moderate tear -strain refers to partial tearing of tissue with your loss of function, pain, moderate disability point tenderness and swelling, localized hemorrhaging, and slightly to moderately abnormal motion are typical 3rd degree: severe tear -complete loss of structural or bio mechanical integrity, extending across entire cross-section of muscle
67. Cancer Red Flags: Persistent pain at night
Constant pain anywhere in the body Unexplained weight loss Loss of appetite Unusual lumps or growths Unwarranted fatigue
68. Cardiovascular red flags: Shortness of breath
Dizziness Pain or a feeling of heaviness in the chest Pulsating pain anywhere in the body Constant and severe pain in lower leg (calf) or arm Discolored or
13 / 23 Dehydration Rigid abdomen Pt lying very still or writhing in pain (pain that awakens, persists > 6 hrs, changes location, pain followed by vomiting, pain worse with breathing) No bowel sounds Tender to percussion Pt looks ill (septic) Bleeding (hematemesis and/or black, tarry stools Suspected pregnancy
70. Neurological Red Flags: Changes in Hearing
Frequent or severe headaches with no history of injury Problems with swallowing or changes in speech Changes in vision Problems with balance, coordination or falling Faint spells Sudden weakness
71. Describe stages of cancer: Stage 0: carcinoma in situ, Stage 1:
localized and removable, Stage 2: Locally advanced, Stage 3: Local nodes, but can still be treated with local measures, Stage IV: Metastasized to distant sites and other organs.
72. innate vs adaptive immunity: Innate immunity: An individual's genetically predetermined resis-
tance to certain diseases. Adaptive immunity: Ability of the body to react to specific microbial infection. ANTIGEN SPECIFIC
73. Name the cranial nerves: I. Olfactory(s)
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II. Optic (s)
III. Oculomotor (m)
IV.Trochlear (m)
V. Trigeminal (b)
VI.Abducens (m)
VII. Facial (b)
VIII. Vestibulocochlear (s)
IX.Glossopharyngeal (b)
X. Vagus (b)
XI.Accessory (m)
XII. Hypoglossal (m)
74. Name the spinal nerves (number per region): -Cranial nerves (C1-C8)
-Thoracic nerves (T1-T -Lumbar nerves (L1-L5) -Sacral nerves (S1-S5) -Coccygeal nerves (Co1)
75. What is the function of the cranial nerves: I- sense of smell Ii-
vision Iii- movement of the eye and eyelid
16 / 23 Epinerium- thick cuts heath that surrounds and encloses bundle of fascicles forming outermost covering of nerve includes fatty tissue, blood vessels and lymphatics
80. Name the seven processes in a typical vertebral arch: - 1 spinous process
-2 TVP's
- 4 articulate processes (2 superior and 2 inferior)
81. Name the order of cranial meninges from superficial to deep: Dura mater Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
82. What are dural venous sinuses?: Endothelium-lined spaces between the periosteal and meningeal layers of
the dura
83. Describe the dura mater: - Outermost layer
- Strong
- White fibrous connective tissue
84. Decscribe the arachnoid layer: - middle layer (develop form same layer as pia Mater)
- contains fibroblasts, collagen divers and elastic fibers -not attached to dura
85. Describe the pia mater: - Innermost layer
- Adheres to the outer layer of the brain and spinal cord and contains blood vessels.
86. Function of CSF: buoyancy, protection, environmental stability
87. Where do the cerebral arteries supply blood: Anterior artery- supply's medial and superior surfaces of brain and
frontal pole
17 / 23 Middle artery- supply lateral surface of brain and temporal pole Posterior artery- supply inferior surface of brain and occipital pole
88. What is hydrocephalus?: a condition in which fluid accumulates in the brain, typically in young
children, enlarging the head and sometimes causing brain damage.
89. function of frontal lobe: reasoning, planning, part of speech and movement, emotions, problem solving
90. function of parietal lobe: receives and integrates sensory information
91. function of temporal lobe: hearing and smell
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104. Layers of the epidermis (superficial to deep): stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum
spinosum, stratum basale
105. layers of dermis: 1. papillary layer
- reticular layer
106. connective tissue functions: binds body tissues together, supports the body, provides protection
107. structural classification of joints: 1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial
108. functional classification of joints: synarthroses- immovable
amphiarthroses- slightly moveable diarthroses- freely moveable
109. SOP- acupuncture: - have completed acupuncture education program
- within CMTO scope of practice
- authorized to perform by CMTO
- have required liability insurance
110. SOP- advertising: DO:
- types of services, location, accessibility, hours, address and phone number
- information about RMT's and education/training/ details on RMT scope of practice DON'T:
- promos
20 / 23 -client testimonies
- endorsement
- advertise specialty not regulated by CMTO
111. SOP- cannabis: -may not practice under influence
- may not treat clients under influence
- may not use as treatment modality -may not provide advice about cannabis use
112. SOP- code of ethics (name 4 principles): Benefit clients and serve their best interests Treat all clients with
same respect and dignity Not harm clients Be responsible and accountable
113. SOP- collaboration/professional relationships: - must collaborate with other practitioner for client best care
Condiment all findings, reports, details of referral made -all people in clients circle of care have access to health records
- protect clients privacy and confidentiality
114. SOP- Conflict of interest: Avoid practicing when a conflict of interest arises such as;
- providing/receiving monetary or other benefit (eg referral fee) -Recommending product or service which there is personal or financial interest -sharing revenue, feed or income with someone associate with their practice who is not RHP in Ontario -renting premises to or from people where rent is determined by volume of client referrals
