COMMUNICATIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR, Exams of English

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MEDAN

COMMUNICATIVE

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

(TENSES--ACTIVE VOICE)

UNIVERSITAS HKBP NOMMENSEN

Bloner Sinurat

i

PREFACE

This guide book is particularly arranged in order to help the English learners at the FKIP- Universitas HKBP Nommensen. Since English is not used in daily communication, most of the students generally find some problems to acquire the written and spoken English. The complexity of the problem dealing with the lack of available practical English guide book and the inability of the English learners to see the distinctive features of English and the first or second language of their own. This guide book is particularly designed to help the students understand the basic features of English. In this book, some practical exercises are also provided to help the English foreign learners find out and acquire the characteristics of the English pronunciation and the stress patterns through the use of current available dictionaries that provide standard pronunciation of English both British and American. Besides, this book is also provide a practical guide and exercise on the acquisition of the basic knowledge of English pertaining to the formation of affirmative, negative, and interrogative sentences in various tenses. Through the use of this simple guide book, students are hopefully expected to be familiar with the pronunciation of English. Besides, they will also be able to form grammatical English sentences, which will surely enable them to communicate in English. Bloner Sinurat Pematangsiantar, 20 16

PREFACE

This guide book is particularly arranged in order to help the English learners at the FKIP- Universitas HKBP Nommensen. Since English is not used in daily communication, most of the students generally find some problems to acquire the written and spoken English. The complexity of the problem dealing with the lack of available practical English guide book and the inability of the English learners to see the distinctive features of English and the first or second language of their own. This guide book is particularly designed to help the students understand the basic features of English. In this book, some practical exercises are also provided to help the English foreign learners find out and acquire the characteristics of the English pronunciation and the stress patterns through the use of current available dictionaries that provide standard pronunciation of English both British and American. Besides, this book is also provide a practical guide and exercise on the acquisition of the basic knowledge of English pertaining to the formation of affirmative, negative, and interrogative sentences in various tenses. Through the use of this simple guide book, students are hopefully expected to be familiar with the pronunciation of English. Besides, they will also be able to form grammatical English sentences, which will surely enable them to communicate in English. Bloner Sinurat Pematangsiantar, 20 16

the different forms: am, is, are, shall, should, be, being, been, was, were, will, would, has, have, having, had, do, does, did, can, could, may, might, must, ought (to), get, got(ten).

2. Functions of the English auxiliary verb

2.1. Passive voice

The auxiliary verb be is used with a past participle to form the passive voice; for example, the clause "the door was opened " implies that someone opened it, without stating who it was. Besides, the verb get is sometimes used colloquially instead of be in forming the passive voice. Examples:  The window got closed at 8:30.  We all got invited to the party.

2.2. Progressive aspect

The auxiliary verb be is used with a present participle to form the progressive aspect; for example, the sentence "I am riding my bicycle" describes what the speaker is doing at the very moment of utterance, while the sentence "I ride my bicycle" is a temporally general statement.

2.3. Perfect aspect

The auxiliary verb have is used with a past participle to form the perfect aspect; for example, the sentence "Peter has fallen in love" differs from "Peter fell in love" in that the former implies some connection to the present — likely that Peter is still in love — while the latter does not.

3. Properties of the English Auxiliary Verb

3.1. Negation

Auxiliaries take not (or n't) to form the negative, e.g. cannot (can’t), will not (won’t), should not (shouldn’t), etc. In certain tenses, in questions, when a contracted auxiliary verb can be used, the position of the negative particle n't moves from the main verb to the auxiliary, e.g., Does it not work? and Doesn't it work?.

3.2. Inversion

Auxiliaries invert to form questions:  You will come.  Will you come?

3.3. Emphasis

The dummy auxiliary do is used for emphasis in positive statements (see above):  I do like this beer!

3.4. Ellipsis

Auxiliaries can appear alone where a main verb has been omitted, but is understood:  I will go, but she won't (will not) [ go ].

Present Continuous Tense

Subject Auxiliary Verb Adverb I (^) am work ing now. We You are They He She is It

Past Continuous Tense

Subject Auxiliary Verb Adverb I was work ing then. We You were They He She was It

Present Perfect Tense

Subject Auxiliary Adverb Verb I have just Worked. We You They He She has It

Past Perfect Tense

Subject Auxiliary Verb Adverb I had worked Hard. We You They He She It

Simple Future Tense

Subject Auxiliary Verb Adverb I shall/will work hard. We You They will He She It

Verb Pattern c. Subject + To Be + Adverb

Positive Negative Interrogative I am in Perth now. I am not in Perth now. Am I in Perth now? We are in Perth now. We are^ not^ in Perth now.^ Are we in Perth now? You are in Perth now. You are^ not^ in Perth now.^ Are you in Perth now? They are in Perth now. They are^ not^ in Perth now.^ Are they in Perth now? He is in Perth now. He is^ not^ in Perth now.^ Is he in Perth now? She is in Perth now. She is^ not^ in Perth now.^ Is she in Perth now? It is in Perth now. It is^ not^ in Perth now.^ Is it in Perth now?

4.1.2. Conjugation of Verb “Be”

The auxiliary verb “be” varies according to the time and the subjects used in sentences. Based on the time, the auxiliary verb “be” varies in simple present, present perfect, simple past, past perfect, simple future, and future perfect. In relation to the subjects, it varies and belongs to the first singular and plural persons (I and we), the second singular or plural person (you), and the third singular and plural persons (he, she, it and they). The conjugation of the auxiliary verb “be” can be drawn as in the following chart.

Conjugation of Verb “Be”

Subject Present Present Perfect Past Past perfect Future Future Perfect I am have been was had been shall/will be shall/will We have been You are were will be will have been They He She is has been was It

Affirmative Sentences - Present

Subject Auxiliary Subject Complement I am in the classroom now. We You are They He She is It

Negative Sentences - Present

Subject Auxiliary Subject Complement I am not in the classroom now. We You are not They He She is not It

Question Asking the Adverb of Place - Present

Question Word Auxiliary Subject Adverb Where am I now? are We You They is He She It

Affirmative Sentences – Present Perfect

Subject Auxiliary Subject Complement I have been here since an hour ago. We You They He She has been It

Negative Sentences – Present Perfect

Subject Auxiliary Subject Complement I have not been (haven’t been) here since an hour ago. We You They He (^) has not been (hasn’t been) She It

Interrogative Sentences – Present Perfect

Auxiliary Subject Been Subject Complement Have

I

been here since an hour ago? we you they Has he she been it

Affirmative Sentences – Past

Subject Auxiliary Subject Complement I (^) was in the library at nine o’clock this morning. We You were They He She was It

Negative Sentences – Past

Subject Auxiliary Subject Complement I was not in the library at nine o’clock this morning. We You were not They He She was not It

Interrogative Sentences – Past

Auxiliary Subject Subject Complement Was I in the library at nine o’clock this morning? Were we you they Was he she it

Question Asking the Subject – Past

Question Word Auxiliary Subject Complement Who was in the library at nine o’clock this morning? wasn’t

Question Asking the Adverb of Place – Past

Question Word Auxiliary Subject Adverb of Time Where was I at nine o’clock this morning? were we you they was he she it