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Computer Architecture, Exams of Computer Science

University of Sargodha (US)Computer Science

100 important Question of Computer Architecture preparing for entry test

Typology: Exams

2022/2023

Available from 06/28/2024

mohammad-hamza-mushtaq
mohammad-hamza-mushtaq 🇵🇰

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Sure, here are short and precise answers for each question:
Basic Concepts
1. Computer architecture: The design and organization of a computer's components.
2. Architecture vs. Organization: Architecture refers to the structure, while organization
refers to the operational units.
3. von Neumann architecture: A system where the CPU runs instructions from memory
sequentially.
4. Harvard architecture: A system with separate storage and signal pathways for
instructions and data.
5. System bus: A communication pathway for data transfer between components.
6. Three main components: CPU, memory, and I/O devices.
7. CPU: The central processing unit, executing instructions.
8. RISC vs. CISC: RISC has a small, highly optimized instruction set; CISC has a large set
of complex instructions.
9. Instruction set: A collection of instructions a CPU can execute.
10. Opcode: The part of an instruction that specifies the operation.
CPU and Instruction Execution
11. Main CPU components: ALU, control unit, and registers.
12. Control unit: Directs operations within the CPU.
13. ALU: Performs arithmetic and logic operations.
14. Register: A small, fast storage location in the CPU.
15. Program counter (PC): Holds the address of the next instruction.
16. Instruction register (IR): Holds the current instruction.
17. Instruction cycle: The process of fetching, decoding, and executing an instruction.
18. Fetch-decode-execute cycle: The sequence of steps the CPU follows to execute an
instruction.
19. Pipelining: Overlapping instruction execution to improve performance.
20. Instruction-level parallelism (ILP): Executing multiple instructions simultaneously.
Memory Hierarchy
21. Memory hierarchy: Organized layers of storage with varying speeds and sizes.
22. Primary vs. Secondary memory: Primary is fast and volatile (RAM); secondary is slow
and non-volatile (HDD/SSD).
23. Cache memory: Fast, small memory between CPU and main memory.
24. Cache levels: L1 (fastest, smallest), L2, and L3 (slower, larger).
25. Cache coherence: Consistency of data stored in cache memory.
26. Virtual memory: Extends RAM onto disk storage.
27. Paging: Dividing memory into fixed-sized pages.
28. Page table: Maps virtual addresses to physical addresses.
29. Segmentation: Dividing memory into variable-sized segments.
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Download Computer Architecture and more Exams Computer Science in PDF only on Docsity!

Sure, here are short and precise answers for each question:

Basic Concepts

  1. Computer architecture : The design and organization of a computer's components.
  2. Architecture vs. Organization : Architecture refers to the structure, while organization refers to the operational units.
  3. von Neumann architecture : A system where the CPU runs instructions from memory sequentially.
  4. Harvard architecture : A system with separate storage and signal pathways for instructions and data.
  5. System bus : A communication pathway for data transfer between components.
  6. Three main components : CPU, memory, and I/O devices.
  7. CPU : The central processing unit, executing instructions.
  8. RISC vs. CISC : RISC has a small, highly optimized instruction set; CISC has a large set of complex instructions.
  9. Instruction set : A collection of instructions a CPU can execute.
  10. Opcode : The part of an instruction that specifies the operation.

CPU and Instruction Execution

  1. Main CPU components : ALU, control unit, and registers.
  2. Control unit : Directs operations within the CPU.
  3. ALU : Performs arithmetic and logic operations.
  4. Register : A small, fast storage location in the CPU.
  5. Program counter (PC) : Holds the address of the next instruction.
  6. Instruction register (IR) : Holds the current instruction.
  7. Instruction cycle : The process of fetching, decoding, and executing an instruction.
  8. Fetch-decode-execute cycle : The sequence of steps the CPU follows to execute an instruction.
  9. Pipelining : Overlapping instruction execution to improve performance.
  10. Instruction-level parallelism (ILP) : Executing multiple instructions simultaneously.

Memory Hierarchy

  1. Memory hierarchy : Organized layers of storage with varying speeds and sizes.
  2. Primary vs. Secondary memory : Primary is fast and volatile (RAM); secondary is slow and non-volatile (HDD/SSD).
  3. Cache memory : Fast, small memory between CPU and main memory.
  4. Cache levels : L1 (fastest, smallest), L2, and L3 (slower, larger).
  5. Cache coherence : Consistency of data stored in cache memory.
  6. Virtual memory : Extends RAM onto disk storage.
  7. Paging : Dividing memory into fixed-sized pages.
  8. Page table : Maps virtual addresses to physical addresses.
  9. Segmentation : Dividing memory into variable-sized segments.
  1. SRAM vs. DRAM : SRAM is faster and more expensive, used for cache; DRAM is slower and cheaper, used for main memory.

Input/Output Systems

  1. I/O system : Manages communication between the computer and external devices.
  2. I/O mapping : Assigning memory addresses to I/O devices.
  3. DMA : Direct memory access allows devices to transfer data without CPU intervention.
  4. I/O controller : Manages data flow to and from I/O devices.
  5. Interrupt : A signal that prompts the CPU to stop current tasks and execute a specific piece of code.
  6. Interrupt handling : The process of responding to interrupts.
  7. Polling : Periodically checking the status of an I/O device.
  8. Device driver : Software that controls a hardware device.
  9. Synchronous vs. Asynchronous I/O : Synchronous waits for operation completion; asynchronous does not.
  10. Peripheral device : External device connected to a computer (e.g., keyboard, mouse).

Data Representation

  1. Data representation : The format in which data is stored and processed.
  2. Binary number system : Base-2 numerical system.
  3. Hexadecimal number system : Base-16 numerical system.
  4. Binary to decimal conversion : Summing powers of 2 for each binary digit.
  5. Decimal to binary conversion : Dividing by 2 and recording remainders.
  6. Byte : 8 bits.
  7. Word : The natural data size of a processor (e.g., 32-bit, 64-bit).
  8. Floating-point number : A number with a fractional component.
  9. IEEE 754 : Standard for floating-point arithmetic.
  10. ASCII code : Character encoding standard for text.

Arithmetic and Logic

  1. ALU operations : Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and logical operations.
  2. Binary addition : Adding binary numbers using carryover.
  3. Binary subtraction : Subtracting binary numbers using borrow.
  4. Two's complement : A method for representing negative binary numbers.
  5. Arithmetic shift : Shifting bits left/right with sign preservation.
  6. Logical shift : Shifting bits left/right without sign preservation.
  7. Bitwise operations : Operations on binary digits (AND, OR, XOR, NOT).
  8. Boolean expression : An expression that evaluates to true or false.
  9. Logic gate : A hardware device implementing a Boolean function.
  10. AND gate : Outputs true only if all inputs are true.

Control Unit and Microprogramming

  1. FPGA : A reprogrammable hardware chip.
  2. DSP : Digital Signal Processor, used for real-time signal processing.
  3. Cloud computing : Delivering computing services over the internet.
  4. Edge computing : Processing data near its source.
  5. Quantum computing : Computing using quantum-mechanical phenomena.
  6. Machine learning : Algorithms that improve automatically through experience.
  7. Security in architecture : Protecting the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of system resources.