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A simple random sample can be taken with or without ____________. Hint: This choice will impact how estimate the variance of the population. - - correct ans- - Replacement In the description of the scientific method from the text, which form of causation specifies that the cause "C" under consideration alone insures occurrence of the effect "E," sufficient or necessary? - - correct ans- - Sufficient According to the authors of the text, what are some keys to a successful model? - - correct ans- - Clearly define model objectives (predictive? mechanistic? compare scenarios? who will be using it? Include in model only those features necessary to model objectives Remember, models are only meant to be abstractions or representations What are two procedures for estimating a distribution theta that are both discussed in Chapter 4? - - correct ans- - Maximum Likelihood estimators Method of moments What are the three measures of how good an estimate is in the sense of being close to the parameter of interest - - correct ans- - Bias Precision (sampling variance) Accuracy (combines bias and precision) Would duck eggs per nest be considered an example of a discrete or a continuously distributed response variable? - - correct ans- - Discrete
Why can't the method of moments technique for estimating probability questions about populations of interest be used to assess reliability of estimates and perform tests of statistical significance? - - correct ans- - Because the approach lacks information on the underlying distribution functions and thus all information comes from the sample. What advantages do Maximum Likelihood Estimators gain as sample sizes increase? - - correct ans- - Asymptotically the estimators become less biased, variance estimates become smaller, and the distribution approaches normal in shape What are two processes for obtaining representative samples that the book emphasizes when estimating parameters? - - correct ans- - Simple random and stratified How is a stratified random sample different from a simple random sample? - - correct ans- - Sampling is done in 2 stages Stage 1: Choose strata of subpopulations that is assumed to be homogenous Stage 2: Draw simple random samples from each stratum Advantage: estimates have greater precision, if strata are selected intelligently Why would one want to modify the basic exponential model to allow for periodic population collapse? - - correct ans- - Real systems have limits and thus populations crash when limits are exceeded. What are some assumptions of the basic exponential growth model of the text? - - correct ans- - No immigration or emigration Non-overlapping generations Constant birth and death rates No genetic variation in birth and death rates No effect of age, size, or sex
n(i+1)=Pini(t) n1(t+1)=F1n1(t)+... +Fknk(t)=SUM Fini(t) How can these equations be written in convenient mathematical notation to account for a multi-cohort model of both survivorship and reproduction? - - correct ans- - Using Matrix Multiplication Notation True or False: Ina an age-based model (Leslie Matrix) the initial population size will change the rate of convergence to a stable age distribution but not whether such convergence occurs. - - correct ans- - True Which form of matrix projection model (Leslie/age based or Lefkovitch stage based) allows transition probabilities to go in both directions? - - correct ans- - Lefkovitch Stage-based Lefkovitch approach (section 8.5) modifies the Leslie approach by considering transition probabilies based upon _____________ instead of age - - correct ans- - Size class Which of the following assumptions are NOT shared by the simplest versions of both the logistic and exponential models of population growth? A. constant birth and death rates B. No time lags C. No immigration or emigration D. No age structure to population E. No genetic structure to population - - correct ans- - A. Constant birth and death rates Which of the following models is NOT useful for estimating survival? A. Mayfield B. Binomial
C. Known fates D. A, b, and c E. Lincoln-Peterson - - correct ans- - E. Lincoln-Peterson Lotka-Volterra competition assumes each population grows in a logistic fashion and the effect of competition is to do WHAT to the effective carrying capacities for both species? - - correct ans- - LOWER them The magnitude of the stable oscillations in Lotka-Volterra predator prey system around the continous non-trivial equilibrium point depends upon what? - - correct ans- - Initial population size Lotka-Volterra predation equation can be modeled in discrete or in continous time, will this choice of how to model time steps influence the stability of the oscillations in the size of the predator and prey populations? - - correct ans- - Yes, continous time will provide stable oscillations, while discrete time will create lags (as in the logistic model) in response that leads to unstable oscillations Morris and Doak discuss two main goals of PVA. What are these goals and can you provide a specific example of each? - - correct ans- - Assessments in which we ask how is the population doing (what is the risk of extinction? Comparing risk between two populations? Analyzing and synthesizing monitoring data?) Management in which we ask how can we reduce risk to a population (ID Key life stages or demographic processes? How large a reserve is needed? How many individuals are needed? Set harvest limits? How many populations are needed?) premise of sustainable yield is that a proportion of a resource can be removed without causing long term resource depletion. To accomplish this managers strive to maintain the per capita harvest rate equal to what aspect of the population? - - correct ans- - Per capita growth rate
Distance data allows one to estimate the probability of ______________ which in turn can be used to adjust the incomplete counts for detectability when estimating densities. - - correct ans- - Detection Distance based estimates of density assume that animals ______________ are certain to be observed. - - correct ans- - Directly on the transect line Soule acknowledges that doing PVA's on keystone species may be overly naive but he argues that it may also be the most practical approach. What were some of his criterai for choosing species to perform PVA upon? - - correct ans- - Species whose activities create habitat for several other species Mutualist species whose behavior enhances the fitness (e.g. reproduction, dispersal) of other species Predatory or parasitic species that regulate populations of other species and whose absence would ultimately lead to a decrease in species diversity Species that have spiritual aesthetic recreational or economic value to humans Rare or endangered animals Distance based analysis approaches incorporate distance into their density estimates as a means of accounting for variation in what? - - correct ans- - Detectability (Detection) Estimators of the distribution of distances in a key function approach rely upon 2 components: a key function that is the starting point for estimating the detection function combined with a _________ function for series expansion. - - correct ans- - Series expansion or adjustment The idea in both least squares and maximum likelihood approaches to catch per unit effort estimates of population size is to characterize _________________ at each point in time in terms of sampling effort and the size of the population under investigation. - - correct ans- - Captures
All of the least sqyares approaches are based off a regression approach to estimating original population size and they all rely on an assumption that the capture probability (pi) for a time step can be estimated as function of unit of effort required to gather that sample. Underlying this assumption is a further assumption that _______________ is small - - correct ans- - pi, the capture probability Change in ratio approaches provide useful estimates only when animals of different types are (removed or not removed) in proportion to their original abundance in the population? -
- correct ans- - Not removed The classic Lincoln-Peterson approach to MRR is appropriate when sampling with _________ periods with relatively __________ intervals between them. - - correct ans- - Two, small Lincoln-Peterson MRR models assume populations are closed and also ____________. Hint: there are two appropriate answers - - correct ans- - No tag loss Equal probability of capture Models estimating population size of exploited populations were described as a special case of a modified MRR approach that accounts for one of the three assumptions (time, behavior, or heterogeneity) about detectability. Which assumption is it? - - correct ans- - Behavior Section 14.2 discusses a number of variations on K-sample capture recapture models. These include (Mh, Mtb, Mbh, Mth, and Mtbh). What do these subscripted value (h or tb or bh or th or tbh) indicate about these different models? - - correct ans- - Which of the assumptions (time, heterogeneity, or behavior) about detectability the model is designed to account for. For instance, Mtbh is designed to account for time, heterogeneity, and behavior.
A key distinction related to studies using MRR data to estimate survivorship with nests through time or track the fate of animals wearing telemetry devices through time is that the subjects can be visited _________________ with certainty of detection as either dead or alive. - - correct ans- - Repeatedly A common way to estimate nest success is based on the binomial model. However, in most studies, nests are found at various ages (since eggs laid) the corrected form of this model that accounts for age from first observation is called the ___________ method after the scientist who developed it. - - correct ans- - Mayfield Mortality studies of radioed animals are viewed as similar to nest survival studies in the sense that the probability of encounter is assumed to be 1. What is a critical way in which these telemetry studies differ from nest survival studies? - - correct ans- - No natural end point such as nestlings fledging Models such as the Mayfield model assume constant survival among individuals and over time. The alternative approach developed in section 15.4 of your book estimates survival based upon time to _______________. - - correct ans- - Failure What is the advantage to specifying survival over time by assigning a hazard function that takes advantage of the mathematical association between S(t) and h(t)? - - correct ans- - It often is easier to specify a form for the hazard function then for the survival function If we wish to estimate the influence of factors of interst (e.g. body mass or gender) upon survival, how might we do so? - - correct ans- - Log rank or binomial test (Hypothesis testing non-predictive form) Model with linear-logistic regression (Relies on specific parameteric form) Proportional hazards or Cox model Band recovery models presented today have a similar data structure and statistical methodology to the MRR capture models that will be presented in class. These MRR
methods are often refered to as CJS models. What does CJS stand for? - - correct ans- - Cormack-Jolly-Seber Band recovery estimates of survivorship rely upon measurements of at least 4 different parameters to make their estimates. Name these parameters that are measured in these studies? - - correct ans- - k = number of release periods l= number of recovery periods Ri =number of animals banded and released during release period i mij = number of animals banded during release period i and recovered during recovery period j In these CJS MRR studies we are estimating "apparent" or "local" survival what distinguishes this from Si or "true survival"? - - correct ans- - Consideration of emigration A number of different functions (identity, logit, logarithim, hazard) can be used to account for covariates when estimating survivorship. These are often (e.g. in section 17.1.4 of your book) reffered to as ______ functions. - - correct ans- - Link Why are survival estimates from open population models (CJS MRR models) less precise than those from closed population models? - - correct ans- - They allow for migration, recruitment, etc. and thus must estimate parameters for these attributes How does the data used for Jolly-Seber models (chapter 18) of abundance and recruitment differ from the data collected for CJS (chapter 17) models of survivorship? - - correct ans- - They do not expect you must quantify unmarked animals that are resighted What does the Jolly-Seber model accomplish by adding explicit consideration of unmarked animals to the CJS approach? - - correct ans- - It allows estimation of population size and recruitment
Which IT position has the responsibillity of working with routers and switches? - - correct ans- - Network Administrator In which generation were silicon chips first used in computers? - - correct ans- - Third generation Which low-level language corresponds one to one with assembly? - - correct ans- - machine language What allows an organization to use software through the internet? - - correct ans- - Saas or Software as a Service What is one of IT's role in golobalization? - - correct ans- - It allows companies to reach a wider customer base. Which category of computer has an external flat screen monitor, optical disk drive, and a large capacity hard drive? - - correct ans- - Desktop Which two software application packages would be classified as productivity software? - - correct ans- - Spreadsheet program and word processor Which two computer peripherals are connected to the computer through a port? - - correct ans- - External microphone and USB flash drive Which term is defined as a collection of information used to support management of an organization? - - correct ans- - Information system A website logs the timestamp, location, and browser of every visitor. It then aggregates this content into peak traffic times and days,minimum and maximum hits for each country and
region, and popularity of certain browsers among visitors. What is the timestamp considered in this scenerio? - - correct ans- - Data a dept manager is creating a budget estimate for the upcoming year. The manager would like to determine whether the data will be available when the decision for the next year have to be made. Which characteristic of valuable data is the manager considering? - - correct ans- - Reliable Which two are parts of an information system? - - correct ans- - Databases and Networks. What is the difference between processing and storage? - - correct ans- - Processing involves temporary information, while storage involves permenant information. What type of information processing allows input data to be accepted as a set of records and processed as a unit? - - correct ans- - Batch processing What is the role of the systems administrator? - - correct ans- - To install and maintain network resources. Which action would be important for the IT department to take in order to help their business meet the goal of increased expansion? - - correct ans- - Expanding the infrasturcture to support additional locations. What step should be taken by a business when a third-party solution is found that will benefit a project? - - correct ans- - Contact the group to arrange a demo of their product. Which risk assessment question is part of the initiation phase? - - correct ans- - Could the end users reject the outcome of the project?
How can an organization assist employees with the ethical use of information technology?
- correct ans- - By developing policies for information usage. What is part of the role of an It professional assocation? - - correct ans- - Provides professional standards for ethical behavior. Engages in best practices for information systems - - correct ans- - What is outside of the rold of an IT professional assocation? - - correct ans- - Writes laws dealing with information technology Which benefit is provided by a computer network in a business? - - correct ans- - Cost for hardware resources are decreased. A software emulator program that permits a computer user to use multiple computers and multiple platforms without the expense of purchasing mutiple computers. - - correct ans- - virtual machines Each computer is roughly equal to every other computer. - - correct ans- - Peer-to-peer One computer will request information from another computer, which responds with requested information. - - correct ans- - Client-server Allows the user to control the actions of the software and through the software, to access hardware. - - correct ans- - The operating system Which action by application programs requires support from an operating system? - - correct ans- - An internet browser displays a web page.
What is true about the Linux operating system? - - correct ans- - Linux runs on both servers and workstations Which characteristic identifies application sotware that is cloud based? - - correct ans- - provided by third party providers What type of software permits free temporary use followed by long term activation for a fee? - - correct ans- - Shareware What is the purpose of the End User License Agreement for a commercial software package? - - correct ans- - Establishes the customer's right tot use the software. What is the difference between proprietary and open-source software license? - - correct ans- - Proprietary software has a cost whereas open-source software is free. Which two components are parts of a central processing unit? - - correct ans- - Control Unit (CU) Arithmetic logic unit (AlU) - - correct ans- - An employee needs to edit a contract and prepare a hard copy for a project team. Which two peripheral devices should be used? - - correct ans- - printer monitor - - correct ans- - Which motherboard component helps cool the cpu? - - correct ans- - heat sink Which item is a storage device? - - correct ans- - flash drive
Which component facilitates communication between the other two components in the MVC architecture model? - - correct ans- - controller What is the difference between a compiled and interpreted computer language? - - correct ans- - compiler translates an entire program into executable progam which can be run at a later time, while the interpreter does this incrementally. Which two languages have traditionally been used for automation rather than software development? - - correct ans- - TCL and Python because they are scripting languages Which is true of databases and the application that interact with them? - - correct ans- - Applications are interdependent with the database. What is another term for a formula that outlines how to execute a task? - - correct ans- - Algorithm What is the role of drivers in facilitating communication between application and databases? - - correct ans- - They allow the ODBC to be used for interactions with the database and applications. Which sql clause is used to inform the database management system which table should be interrograted by the query? - - correct ans- - FROM Which data type is used to represent product order code that comprises alphanumeric characters? - - correct ans- - String data Why is it important to ensure that data support business goals? - - correct ans- - To aid in making strategic decisions.
In which category of the DIKW hierarchy would business intelligence be located? - - correct ans- - Knowledge Which field must contain a unique value in order for a relational database table to function? - - correct ans- - primary key What are the three main categories of databases? - - correct ans- - Flat file, relational, and hierarchal What is the database administrators role in security? - - correct ans- - To institute protocols to protect the databases from external threats. A single chip process developed in 1974 by IBM - - correct ans- - microprocessor Over the years, the number of transisters that can be placed on a chip has increased by how much? - - correct ans- - By orders of maginitude rather than linearly What is the phenomenon observed that the number of transistors on a chip doubles every year and will continue for at least the next ten years? - - correct ans- - Moore's law How long has Moore's law continued to be a trend? - - correct ans- - from 1965 to the present Is moore's law an observation or a physical law? - - correct ans- - observation The fetch-execute cycle is performed in an overlapped fashion on several instructions. - - correct ans- - pipelines cpu
