1
CSE211
Computer Organization and
Design
Lecture : 3 Tutorial: 1 Practical: 0
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Computer Organization and Design: Historical Perspective of Computer Generations, Schemes and Mind Maps of Computer Architecture and Organization
Computer organization and design is the study of how hardware components in a computer system are structured and interact to execute programs. It encompasses the architecture of central processing units (CPUs), memory systems, input/output devices, and their interconnections. The field focuses on optimizing performance, power efficiency, and overall system functionality. It also delves into instruction set design, data path implementation, and control unit operations. By understanding computer organization and design principles, engineers create efficient and reliable computing systems that underpin modern technology, from personal devices to supercomputers, enabling seamless execution of software tasks and data manipulation.
Typology: Schemes and Mind Maps
2020/2021
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1
CSE
Computer Organization and
Design
Lecture : 3 Tutorial: 1 Practical: 0
Historical Perspective
First generation Computers (1941-1956):
Second Generation Computers (1956-1963):
Characteristics
- (^) Use of transistors
- (^) Reliable in comparison to first generation computers
- (^) Smaller size as compared to first generation computers
- (^) Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers
- (^) Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation
computers
- (^) Faster than first generation computers
- (^) Still very costly
- (^) AC required
- Supported machine and assembly languages
Characteristics
- (^) IC used
- (^) More reliable
- (^) Smaller size
- (^) Generated less heat
- (^) Consumed lesser electricity
- (^) Supported high-level language
Fourth Generation (1971-2010)
2010- : Fifth Generation – Artificial Intelligence
Computer devices with artificial intelligence are still in
development, but some of these technologies are
beginning to emerge and be used such as voice
recognition.
AI is a reality made possible by using parallel
processing and superconductors. Leaning to the
future, computers will be radically transformed again
by quantum computation, molecular and nano
technology.
The essence of fifth generation will be using these
technologies to ultimately create machines which can
process and respond to natural language, and have
capability to learn and organise themselves.
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