Understanding Computer Organization & Assembly Language: Hardware-Software Interface, Schemes and Mind Maps of Design

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Computer Organization and Design

Kartik Mohanram

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA [email protected]

Spring 2019

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Logistics

I (^) Email: [email protected] I (^) Oce Hours: Tu: 11am-Noon, Th 10am-11am, and by appointment I (^) TAs: Recitations and oce hours I (^) Xingzhe Song ([email protected]) I (^) Oce Hours (BEH 1238C): 3-4pm on Tuesdays and Thursdays I (^) Yuqi Li ([email protected]) I (^) Oce Hours (BEH 1238C): 3-4pm on Mondays and Wednesdays I (^) Class Web-site: http://www.pitt.edu/~kmram/CoE I (^) Class notes have been posted online I (^) Textbook: Computer Organization and Design — The Hardware/Software Interface by Hennessy and Patterson I (^) ANY edition should mostly suce I (^) The MIPS simulator MARS (download here) I (^) Logisim for logic design and simulation (download here)

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CoE 0147: Computer Organization and Assembly Language (^) University of Pittsburgh

Computer systems

ƒ There may be different forms of “computation”

• Example: digital TV tuner that converts a compressed digital motion picture format into something that we can view

ƒ Programmable computing machine or a processor

• Executes a given list of instructions
• Includes input, output, storage/memory, computation
• We can change its functionality based on what programs are used!

ƒ Five classic components, but wait a minute for that …

CoE 0147: Computer Organization and Assembly Language (^) University of Pittsburgh

Computer systems

ƒ Three general classes of “computer”

ƒ “Desktop computers”

• Examples include PC, Mac, Chrome, Linux…
• Notebooks, netbooks, tablets, …
• Interact with a user – applications
• Handful of processors, gigabytes (10 9 bytes) memory, few terabytes

(10^12 bytes) of disk

CoE 0147: Computer Organization and Assembly Language (^) University of Pittsburgh

Computer systems

ƒ “Desktop computers”

ƒ “Servers”

• Web servers
• Supercomputers
• Interact with other computers to “solve a problem” or “provide services”
• Dozens to thousands of processors
• Gigabytes to terabytes memory
• Petabytes (10^15 bytes) of storage
• Interconnected working together

CoE 0147: Computer Organization and Assembly Language (^) University of Pittsburgh

Servers

CoE 0147: Computer Organization and Assembly Language (^) University of Pittsburgh

Embedded computers

Am I a computer?

Am I a computer?

Am I a computer?

CoE 0147: Computer Organization and Assembly Language (^) University of Pittsburgh

Computers I Encountered Today

CoE 0147: Computer Organization and Assembly Language (^) University of Pittsburgh

Five classic components

We study this part in this course!

Study this part in CS1541!

I am like a control tower

I am like a conveyor belt + service stations

I am like a pack of file folders

I exchange information with outside world

CoE 0147: Computer Organization and Assembly Language (^) University of Pittsburgh

In CoE 0147

ƒ We study

• Computer architecture MIPS as the example architecture
• Basic concepts of system software such as assembler, linker, compiler
• Basic computer arithmetic Binary numbers Operations (add, sub, …)
• Basic logic design
• Basic processor performance analysis
• Processor organization Datapath Control

ƒ We do

• Assembly language programming (using MARS simulator)
• MARS (written by a Pitt graduate!) http://www.cs.missouristate.edu/MARS/
• Logisim logic design (implement our own processor!)

CoE 0147: Computer Organization and Assembly Language (^) University of Pittsburgh

Layers or views

ƒ Our view of a computer system

in this course is centered around

the interface between the lowest

level in software and the

hardware

ƒ We will talk a lot about assembly

or machine instructions

ƒ We will also learn about logic

design and how to implement

our own processor!

COE0147/CS0447: Computer Organization and Assembly Language (^) University of Pittsburgh

Five classic components

I am like a control tower

I am like a conveyor belt + service stations

I am like a pack of file folders

I exchange information with outside world

COE0147/CS0447: Computer Organization and Assembly Language (^) University of Pittsburgh

Instruction

ƒ Unit of program execution; program consists of instructions

ƒ Describes an operation that the processor understands how to

perform

ƒ The amount of work defined for an instruction is usually small

• Add two numbers in registers ( add $t0,$t1,$t2 )
• Compare two numbers in registers ( slt $t0,$t1,$t2 )
• Make a jump in the program if the first number is smaller than the second number

ƒ Complex instructions may ease your programming…

• For example, “multiply two numbers from memory location A & B and iterate this 100 times or until you meet two zeros”
• BUT, your processor implementation can become quite complex (slow!)

COE0147/CS0447: Computer Organization and Assembly Language (^) University of Pittsburgh

Instruction description example