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ARTS IN THE PHILIPPINES – M1 CPAR
THREE MAJOR TRADITIONS OF PH ART:
1. Ethnic Tradition - primarily influenced by the geographical location and the experiences of the Filipinos - Angono Petroglyphs, Manunggul jar, Banga 2. Spanish Colonial Tradition - primarily influenced by religion and secularization. In this time, Spaniards used arts to propagate the Catholic faith. - Langit, lupa, at Impyerno by Josef Luciano Dans, St. Paul Metropolitan Cathedral is located in Burgos, Vigan City, Ilocos Sur. 3. American Colonial and Contemporary Arts Traditions A. Modern Art - refers to the practice of art from 1860s to 1960s. the main theme of artworks in this time is national identity. - “The Making of the Philippine Flag”, “Bayanihan”. B. Contemporary Arts - refers to the practice of art from 1970s to the present. - Cinco Marias (Tres Marias Series, Art Installation in Sand Dunes of Paoay. ELEMENTS OF ART
- Space - emptiness which may either be positive space or negative space.
- Line - a series of connected points. It may come in two characteristics: form – curved, dotted, or broken lines; and direction – vertical, horizontal, or diagonal lines.
- Shape & Form – A shape is an area that is enclosed by a line or lines. Forms are three-dimensional figures. Its dimensions are height, width, and volume. Unlike shapes, it has more depth.
- Color - may pertain to lightness, darkness, coolness, or warmth.
- Value - considered a property of a color that pertains to its lightness or darkness.
- Texture - our sense of feeling on things, rough, smooth, bumpy, or slippery. It pertains to the surface of an art piece. PRINCIPLES OF ART
- Proportion - the relationship of the size of elements in a body of art.
- Harmony - the unity of the artwork, specifically about the arrangement of the related elements.
- Variety - referred to as diversity. This means adding multiple and different elements.
- Movement - the illusion of motion in a painting, sculpture design, or a piece of art.
- Rhythm - the repetition of certain elements to produce a pattern.
- Balance - refers to the even and equal distribution of elements.
- Emphasis - refer to the greater impact given on a certain element. CONTEMPORARY ARTS IN THE PHILIPPINES – M2 CPAR The term contemporary has been defined as something “happening, existing, living, or coming into being during the same period of time” (Merriam-Webster).
Four Major Forms of Contemporary Arts:
1. Visual Arts - a form of art that uses any medium to represent the artist’s idea, emotion, and imagination. A. Graphic Arts – 2D Arts Ex. Painting, Photography B. Plastic Arts – 3D Arts Ex. Architecture, Crafts 2. Performance Arts - an artwork or art exhibition created through actions executed by the artist or other participants. A. Music Vocal Music – Solo & Duet Instrumental Music – Combi. B. Dance Traditional Dances - Tinikling Social Dances – Cha-cha-cha C. Theater - the dramatic text is portrayed by actors and actresses using their voices and bodies to convey artistic expression enhanced by props, lights, and sound. 3. Literary Arts - an art form of language through the combined words, creating meaning and experience such as prose and poetry. A. Prose – Short stories/Novels Ex. Noli Me Tangere B. Poetry – Poem Ex. Florante at Laura
- Applied Arts - a form of art that can be defined as art that has practical application as well as functionality. A. Architecture – Bahay Kubo/Bahay na Bato B. Fashion Design – Colonial Philippine Fashion C. Pottery – Manunggul Jar **Elements of Contemporary Arts
- Appropriation -** a process of making new content by taking from another source or pre-existing image. 2. Hybridity - Using unlikely materials to produce an artwork 3. Technology - Creation and Dissemination of Artwork with the use of modern platforms or equipment in creating an artwork. 4. Performance - Interprets various Human activities such as chores, routines, and rituals, to especially relevant them such as poverty, commercialism, and war. 5. Space – An art transforming space. It is found in almost every piece of art that has been made. **6. Distinct Features of Contemporary Philippine Art include:
- Communal Nature -** society 2. Intuitive – culture/nostalgia 3. Holistic – unitive forms 4. Creative Process - materials 5. Integrative – religious/beliefs 6. Multi-focal – subject varies
Luzon: Himala by Ishmael Bernal Visayas: Muro-Ami by Marilou Diaz-Abaya Mindanao: Mindanao by Brillante Mendoza Literary arts are an expression of ideas through writing. Literary arts can be categorized as poetry, prose, and drama.
1. Literature - literature is a term used to describe written and sometimes spoken material (Lombardi, 2020). Derived from the Latin word literature meaning "writing formed with letters," literature most commonly refers to works of the creative imagination, including poetry, drama, fiction, nonfiction, and in some instances, journalism, and song. Luzon: A Blade of Fern by Edith Ocampo Visayas: An Hinigugma by Iluminado Lucente Mindanao: Dead Stars by H.O. Santos A person doing certain actions and movements in front of an audience that go along with sound in a space and time is called **Performing Arts.
- Music and Theater -** a collection of coordinated sounds. According to Ramon P. Santos in his article entitled Contemporary Music, Contemporary music in the Philippines usually refers to compositions that have adopted ideas and elements from 20th^ century art music in the West, as well as the latest trends and musical styles in the entertainment industry. Music was present in every stage of our ancestors’ lives — from birth to death, in blissful or tragic times. Luzon: Pastores Visayas: Pinalangga Mindanao: Buyayang A theatre is a collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place. The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music, or dance. Luzon : Tanikalang Ginto 2. Dance - the movement of the body in a rhythmic way, usually to music and within a given space, for the purpose of expressing an idea or emotion, releasing energy, or simply taking delight in the movement itself. Dances in the Philippines varies per region. Luzon: Banga Visayas: Kuratsa Mindanao: Singkil
National Artists of the Philippines – M4 CPAR A Filipino individual who should have been awarded the highest national recognition for the arts namely, National Artist Award. In Filipino context, it is also known as the Gawad Pambansang Alagad ng Sining. Dr. Nicanor Tiongson said that, there is an important role played by contemporary artists in making art that will contribute to social change by informing the viewers and audiences about the nature and causes of the diversities they face as Filipinos. The Order of the National Artists Award (Orden ng Gawad Pambansang Alagad ng Sining) is the highest national recognition given to Filipino individuals who have made significant contributions to the development of Philippine arts. The order is concurrent administered by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) and Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) and conferred by the President of the Philippines. The said achievements are measured in terms of their vision, unusual insight, creativity and imagination, technical proficiency of the highest order in expressing Filipino culture and traditions, history, way of life, and aspirations. Proclamation No.1001 dated April 27, 1072 the Order of the National Artist Award (Orden ng Gawad Pambansang Alagad ng Sining was established. The first award was given to Fernando Amorsolo. On May 15, 1973 under the Proclamation No. 1144, CCP Board of Trustees was named as the National Artist Awards Committee. The Presidential Decree No.28 that was issued on June 7, 1973 reiterated the mandate of CCP to administer the National Awards as well as the privileges and honors to National Artist. THE ORDER OF NATIONAL ARTISTS AIMS TO RECOGNIZE: 1 .The Filipino artists who have made significant contributions to the cultural heritage of the country.
2. The Filipino artistic accomplishment at its highest level and to promote creative expression as significant to the development of a national cultural identity. 3. The Filipino artists who have dedicated their lives to their works to forge new paths and directions for future generations of Filipino artists. **7 CATEGORIES FOR RECOGNITION:
- Literature** – poetry, fiction, essay, playwriting, journalism, and/or literary criticism; 2. Film and Broadcasting – direction, writing, production design, cinematography, editing, camera work, and/or performance; and 3. Architecture, Design, and Allied Arts – architecture design, interior design, industrial arts design, landscape architecture and fashion design. 4. Music – singing, composition, direction, and/or performance; 5. Dance – choreography, direction and/or performance; 6. Theater – direction, performance and/or production design;
Elements and Principles of Art – M Elements of Art:
1. Line - An element of art that is used to define shape, contours, and outlines, also to suggest mass and volume. It may be a continuous mark made on a surface with a pointed tool or implied by the edges of shapes and forms. Line may come in two characteristics: A. Form - curved, dotted, or broken lines; B. Direction - vertical, horizontal, or diagonal lines. Different Meanings of Lines A. Horizontal Line - serenity and perfect stability. B. Vertical Line - strength and perfect stability. C. Diagonal Line – action D. Curved Line – gradual change of direction.
E. Circular Line – abrupt change of direction. Different Types of Lines A. Outlines - made by the edge of an object or its silhouette. B. Contour Lines - describe the shape of an object and the interior detail. C. Expressive Lines - catch the movement and gestures of an active figure. D. Sketch Lines - capture the appearance of an object or impression of a place. E. Calligraphic Lines - the elegant handwriting or lettering done by hand. F. Implied Lines - lines that are not actually drawn but created by a group of objects seen from a distance.
2. Shape - an area that is enclosed by a line or lines. Shapes are two dimensional figures with height and width. Types of Shapes: A. Geometric Shapes - circles, squares, rectangles, triangles B. Organic Shapes - found in nature and are free-flowing, informal and irregular/Abstract. C. Positive Shapes – solid forms in a design. D. Negative Shapes – space around the positive shape. E. Static Shapes – stable and resting. F. Dynamic Shapes – moving and active. 3. Color - the way we see light reflected from a surface or refracted through a prism. Colors we see in nature are reflections of light on the surfaces around us. Classifications of Colors : A. Primary Colors – red, blue, yellow. B. Secondary Colors - two of the primary colors are mix. Purple, green, and orange. C. Tertiary Colors - two of the primary and/or secondary colors are mix. Amber, vermilion, magenta, violet, teal, and chartreuse. D. Analogous Colors - lie nest to each other based on the color wheel. Yellow, orange, red. E. Complementary Colors - opposite to each other based on the color wheel. Red and green, blue and orange, and purple and yellow. F. Monochromatic Colors – several values of one color. G. Warm Colors - Yellow, amber, orange, vermilion, red, and magenta. H. Cool Colors - Purple, violet, blue, teal, green, and chartreuse. 4. Space - distances or areas around, between or within components of a piece and refers to the arrangement of objects on the picture plane (two-dimensional). In visual arts, space may either be positive space or negative space. A. Positive Space - part which is enclosed in a shape. B. Negative Space - opposite part which the shape is enclosing. Perspective is a technical means by which we perceive distance in painting, by which we are made to see the position of objects in space. A. In one-point perspective , we perceive that the position of objects meets at one point on the horizontal line. B. In two-point perspective , we perceive that the position of objects meets at two points on the horizontal line. 5. Texture - the element that appeals to our sense of feel on things - rough or smooth, bumpy or slippery. It is the character of the surface of an artwork. A. Real texture - the actual texture of an object. Artist may create real texture in art to give it visual interest or evoke a feeling. B. Implied texture - made a piece of art to look like a certain texture. Like a drawing of a tree trunk may look rough but in fact it is just a smooth piece of paper. 6. Value - pertains to the lightness or darkness of a color in a given artwork. Value can be changed by adding white or black to a color and these described as tint and shade. A. Tint – lightness of a color. B. Shade – darkness of a color 7. Form - three-dimensionality of an object. It has dimensions of height, width, and length. The elements of art are the visual tools that the artist uses to create a composition. Consequently, principles of art represent how the artist uses elements of art to create an effect and convey the artist's intent (Mader, 2019).
Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan – M
1. Hajja Amina Appi of Ungos Matata (June 25, 1925 – April 2, 2013) Artwork: Mat Weaving - A Filipino master mat weaver and teacher from Sama indigenous people of Ungos Matata, Tandubas, Tawi- Tawi. She was credited for creating colorful mats with complex geometric patterns. She was known for creating finely woven mats with highly intricate design. Significance: It has a big impact on the community as all her female children and grandchildren from her female descendant have taken it up. Although they characterize her as a patient and gentle teacher , her passion for perfection shows itself as she runs a finger alongside the uneven teaching and obvious patchwork on her apprentice’s work. She was eager to teach and looks forward to share the art with other weavers. Symbolic Representation: It is rooted in traditional Filipino arts and culture. It draws upon indigenous motifs, themes, and techniques that are important to the cultural heritage of the Philippines. These may include symbols and imagery that have cultural, historical, or spiritual significance to the Filipino people. 2. Lang Dulay of T’boli in Lake Sebu (August 3, 1928 - April 30, 2015) Artwork: T’nalak Weaving Significance: They carry the symbols, stories, and traditions of her people, helping to preserve and pass down their rich cultural history to younger generations. A source of pride and a tangible representation of their unique traditions, helping to maintain a strong sense of identity. Increased awareness and understanding of their customs and traditions , encouraging cultural exchange and education. A spiritual significance, connecting them to their ancestors and the unseen world. It maintains a vital link between the community and their spiritual beliefs. Inspired other weavers to continue and innovate upon the t'nalak tradition. Younger generations have learned from her techniques, ensuring the art form's continued evolution. A beacon of cultural preservation, economic opportunity , and community identity , making it of immense significance to the t'boli people and the broader world interested in indigenous cultures and art. Symbolic Representation: A tapestry of cultural heritage. The bold and vibrant patterns represent the t'boli people's connection to nature and their ancestral spirits. The intricate geometric designs symbolize the harmonious relationship between the human and spirit worlds , with each thread in the fabric representing a thread in the intricate tapestry of life. The bright colors, primarily red, black, and white , reflect the essence of t'boli cosmology and their unique way of understanding the universe. It is inspired by dreams and spirits , seen as tangible and **mystical.
- Ambalang Ausalin** (1943 – 2022) Artwork: Yakan Weaving
Significance: Providing economic opportunities, preserving tradition, and strengthening the community’s identity. Symbolic Representation: Series of interlocking diamonds and triangles in various colors.
4. Teofilo Garcia (March 27, 1941) National Living Treasure Awardee, 2012 (Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan) Artwork: Kattukong/Tubungaw Hat - The local tabungaw gourds used to make the all-weather headgear. The top portion is coated with a vivid orange or red varnish to make it weather resistant, while the interiors are hollowed out, dried, and lined with beautifully woven rattan matting. - Francisco Garcia and Concepcion Callos from San Quintin, Abra. He attended Villa Mercedes Elementary School or Barbarit ES until 4th^ Grade. - At 15, he learned the art of Kattukong or Tabungaw hat making from his grandfather Hipolito. He married Dolores Cabael from Narvacan, Ilocos Sur. They have five children Ferdinand, Redentor, George, Jocelyn and Carol. Significance: Helping them fight the scorching heat of the sun in the middle of fieldwork. The society tends to recreate his design into a more modernized design to suit the present generation. It was also worn from their region as a graduation hat in primary and secondary education. Symbolic Representation: The Spanish forbade Ilokanos from donning tabungaw caps because they had come to be seen as a symbol of revolution. Tabungaw were used in battle with the Spanish. 5. Magdalena Gamayo (August 13, 1924) Artwork: Traditional patterns like binakol, inuritan (geometric design), kusikos (orange-like spiral forms), and sinan-sabong (flowers) which are hard patterns to create, which are very impressive. - Known for mastering weaving textiles like inabel weaving. She is a native in Pinili, Ilocos Norte. She started weaving 16 years old from her aunt. When she was 19, her father brought her first loom. Her first loom lasted 30 years through years of marriage and motherhood. Received the award on November 8, 2012. Strengthened “ pinagabel ” in 2016. Significance: Attracts tourists interested in cultural experiences and can create economic opportunities for the community. If these textiles gain recognition and demand in broader markets, it can lead to income generation for local artisans. Creating such doesn’t harm the environment because these are traditionally made from non-synthetics materials. The skills of creating these kinds of artwork can be passed down through generations. Symbolic Representation: symbolizes her hardwork and her skill with Abel weaving. And her desire for preserving her culture in this generation. Represents the artist’s culture, reflects the creativity and skill of the artist. 6. Masino Inataray Artwork: Kulilal Significance: It helps the people practicing this particular culture to help strengthen their bonds, it also helps the culture of the Palawan indigenous roots remain alive and remembered by the people of today. Symbolic Representation: True to his Palawan indigenous roots, reflecting nature at its purest state through sounds, rhythms and sometimes with lyrics. It is through this, Masino performs kulilal, which is a lyrical poem used to express **passionate love.
- Samaon Sulaiman** Artwork: Kutyapi - a 2-stringed, fretted boat-lute, originally men from indigenous groups mostly use this instrument in love songs and is presently used by common people. Significance: He was 13 years old when he first learned kutyapi. Over time, he mastered the indigenous kutyapi instrument. He kept the Maguindanaoan kutyapi music alive. Samaon Sulaiman was confered the title of Manlilikha ng Bayan in 1993. Impact: It achieved the highest level of excellence in the art of kutyapi playing, he was recognized in Maganoy for his skills in playing the instrument, he was also a teacher to aspiring kutyapi practitioners. 8. Ginaw Bilog Artwork: Ambahan Significance: Ambahan is a poem with significant social functions in the Mangyan community - used in courting, parenting, and welcoming a visitor. It is traditionally sung and may focus on various topics such as courtship, giving advice to the young, asking a place to stay, and saying goodbye to a friend. Symbolic Representation: Nature, life and death, love and relationship. 9. Yabing Masalon Dulo Artwork: Mabal Tabih Significance: These beautiful handwoven fabrics are mostly reserved for Blaans of high social status. As a work of art, its worth might indicate notoriety and social standing. To preserve the Blaan weaving tradition, Fu yubing taught the craft to her only daughter Lamina Dulo Gulili and women in her community. Symbolic Representation: Human-like and crocodile patterns are most dominantly seen in Blaan motifs. It is said that crocodiles act as a charm and ward off evil spirits, which is why they are kept close to the human skin. 10. Eduardo Mutuc Artwork: Calado - Silver-plated panel frame Kapampangan of Apalit, Pampanga Metal, paint, and wood.
2) MILITARIZATION
The insecurity and tensions brought about by militarized zones apprehend the people’s ability to create art. It prevents people from having communal gatherings, where exchanges and passing of knowledge can take place. 3) CHRISTIANIZATION The influence of Christianity and the conversion of the natives to a foreign religion have affect the preservation of their indigenous rituals and traditions. However, in some cases, the community finds a way to harmonize their indigenous ways with traditions of Christianity. For example, the Manobo community of Mt. Apo initiated a “culture regeneration movement.” As Christian converts, they sought the revival of their traditions by holding clan reunions, employing native wedding rites, and recalling narratives of their culture through painting. SUPPORT SYSTEMS OF PHILIPPINE ART These authorities, institutions, markets, galleries, and award-giving bodies make sure that traditions involving art and culture are kept alive despite of modernization and technological advancements, set the standards for the different forms of arts, exhibit objects of cultural and artistic interest, financially supported visual artists, recognizing outstanding art making, and teach and nurture artistic skills and knowledge of Filipino about culture and art. According to Dumandan (2019) 1) National Commission for Culture and the Arts The National Commission for Culture and the Arts is the overall policy making body, coordinating, and grants giving agency for the preservation, development and promotion of Philippine arts and culture; and an executing agency for the policies it formulates. 2) Cultural Center of the Philippines The mission of the Cultural Center of the Philippines is the leading institution for the arts and culture in the Philippines by promoting artistic excellence and nurturing the broadest publics to participate in art making and appreciation. 3) National Museum The National Museum is an educational, scientific, and cultural institution that acquires, documents, preserves, exhibits, and fosters scholarly study and public appreciation of works of art, specimens, and cultural and historical artifacts representative of the unique cultural heritage of the Filipino people and the natural history of the Philippines. 4) Metropolitan Museum of the Philippines The Metropolitan Museum of Manila is one of the major museums in the Philippines. The museum was among the first to develop and extend its audience by embracing the philosophy of art for all, adopt a bilingual approach in exhibition texts, and implement a vigorous education and community outreach program. The museum seeks to amplify the Filipinos' sense of artistic and cultural heritage from the past and in contemporary global contexts and experiences. 5) Ben Cab Museum The BenCab Museum houses the permanent collection of Philippine National Artist Benedicto Cabrera (BenCab) in several galleries, as well as venues for art shows and exhibitions. The BenCab Museum is committed to the promotion of arts, and the preservation, conservation and protection of the environment and culture and traditions of the Cordilleras. This commitment of the museum is an expression of the artist’s gratitude to the country that nurtured and inspired an artistic career that continues to grow, mature, and fascinate. 6) Art Fair Philippines Art Fair Philippines is the premier platform for exhibiting and selling the best in modern and contemporary Philippine visual art. The fair aims to mirror the vibrant local art scene and continue to generate support for Filipino art practitioners. 7) ManilART ManilART is the Philippines' premier international art fair. It showcases the best in contemporary visual arts for the development and promotion of Filipino art and culture locally and internationally. ManilART elevates the standards and celebrates the dynamic Philippine art scene through various art exhibitions connecting world class artists, institutions, and the community. It reinforces the awareness of and the appreciation for Philippine visual arts by merging it with other disciplines through lectures, workshops, demonstrations, and other activities with the support from both local and foreign exhibitors. 8) Finale Art File Finale Art File is considered as a premier gallery institution in the Philippines. It showcased hundreds of exhibits by some of the most talented names in contemporary visual arts. It has successfully balanced the demands of a commercial establishment and an artistic venue. This gallery occasionally features experimental works that push artistic boundaries and challenge audience expectation 9) Kublai Art Gallery and Davao Contemporary Art Gallery
It is a unique cultural expression of Davao’s visual artists. The gallery showcases various works by Mindanao’s famed artist Kublai Ponce-Millan, as well as different artists from the city. 10) Thirteen Artists Awards The Thirteen Artists Awards mark the turnings in and of Philippine contemporary art, to update its modernizing potential and to assess how artists today engage with other forces in the art world.
