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Content of the Enlightenment the Scientific Evaluation | HIST 242, Study notes of Cultural History of Europe

The University of Tennessee (UT)Cultural History of Europe
Prof. Allison Phillips

Material Type: Notes; Professor: Phillips; Class: Development/West Civilization; Subject: History; University: University of Tennessee - Knoxville; Term: Fall 2009;

Typology: Study notes

Pre 2010

Uploaded on 10/31/2009

foreverfaithful2jc
foreverfaithful2jc 🇺🇸

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Lecture 4
Thursday History 242 Lecture
September 10th, 2009
Content of the Enlightenment
- What is the best form of government and under what conditions
- 2 most extreme examples from France
oVoltaire
18th century wit and widely admired
philosopher
strong centralized monarchy
loved French culture for its elegance and it was an excellent
indication of how the French were leading everyone to the future
oRuso (spelling)
All men are involved in government
The Social Contract 1762
needed equality among the population for it to work
people need to educate people now until they can think and then
are able to participate in politics (liberalism 19th cent)
quite critical of everything Voltaire admired
Montascew
- Best government = no dominant power
- Nobles as intervening power between king and people
Monarchs admired a lot of philosopher’s works
- Rational management (standard code of law)
Fredrick the Great (liked Voltaire)
- His father = strong military leader
- Because he liked the enlightenment his father saw it as being namby-pansy-ish
- Liked enlightenment: religious tolerance laws
- Gave him access to new economic interests by people moving into his state
- Passed liberal censorship laws
- BUT also contravened other enlightenment laws
oReinforced noble privileges (like in the army)
Why did philosophers have so much confidence that they’d do better?
- Not a trivial question in early modern Europe
- Throw aside tradition – why do you have that right?
- Given by progress in other fields
Scientific Revolution
- Galileo, Newton
pf3
pf4

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Lecture 4 Thursday History 242 Lecture September 10th, 2009 Content of the Enlightenment

  • What is the best form of government and under what conditions
  • 2 most extreme examples from France o Voltaire  18 th^ century wit and widely admired  philosopher  strong centralized monarchy  loved French culture for its elegance and it was an excellent indication of how the French were leading everyone to the future o Ruso (spelling)  All men are involved in government  The Social Contract 1762  needed equality among the population for it to work  people need to educate people now until they can think and then are able to participate in politics (liberalism 19th^ cent)  quite critical of everything Voltaire admired Montascew
  • Best government = no dominant power
  • Nobles as intervening power between king and people Monarchs admired a lot of philosopher’s works
  • Rational management (standard code of law) Fredrick the Great (liked Voltaire)
  • His father = strong military leader
  • Because he liked the enlightenment his father saw it as being namby-pansy-ish
  • Liked enlightenment: religious tolerance laws
  • Gave him access to new economic interests by people moving into his state
  • Passed liberal censorship laws
  • BUT also contravened other enlightenment laws o Reinforced noble privileges (like in the army) Why did philosophers have so much confidence that they’d do better?
  • Not a trivial question in early modern Europe
  • Throw aside tradition – why do you have that right?
  • Given by progress in other fields Scientific Revolution
  • Galileo, Newton
  • Before 17th^ cent standard way to think about knowledge was to look back at the ancient Greeks and Romans
  • These texts were more sophisticated than what they had on hand
  • Takes them a long time to get out of this 16 th^ and 17th^ cent challenges to old knowledge
  • Ancient models of the solar system and body
  • Discovery of the new world
  • New plants and animals Second half of the 17th^ cent = quarrel of the ancients and the moderns 18 th^ cent moderns clearly won
  • New model of the solar system
  • Newton’s physics Alexander Pope (early enlightenment poet) “Let Newton be and all was light”
  • Explained the principles of motion basically and easily to people Intro to Lineas’ taxonomy of plans and animals Hope to take these models and put them onto human society
  • Simple and elegant model that we put on humans, in theory Lots of debates about religion in enlightenment
  • 16 th^ century is the Reformation (beginning of 17th^ cent too)
  • plunged Europe into religious warfare of Protestant vs. Catholic
  • original way to fix it was religious unity of each state being for one religion but people saw that that didn’t work
  • it would just be easier to tolerate all of the religions within a state Commitment to reforming Christianity to conform to the views of reason (look at the book of revelation a lot)
  • miracles, personal experience of religion, natural world, and reason Enlightenment people liked the natural world and reason to reform Christianity
  • wanted to create a rational Christianity
  • central moral doctrine that could be defended anywhere
  • a religion of the head of understanding God and not just feeling Him o suspicious of church music distracting you from the sermon
  • appeal to it – get Europe out of religious turmoil o just sit down and be reasonable o agree on the basic forms of Christianity Optimistic View of human nature and religion

Market Economy

  • Merchants and huge land owners were for the market economy
  • Grain was money
  • Who can get the best price Buying/selling in the old regime – prices being fair and moral
  • You have an obligation to your neighbors to make it fair
  • Food riots when food will be shipped from village that is hungry to a place that gives a merchant better money Market economy – more contact with money for the common people
  • Old taxes: gave food to your land owner
  • Bartering: old way
  • Now: money in hands
  • Expanding colonial trade: puts people into market economy and shows them other things to eat and such Growth in Finance section of Europe
  • Middle class families were able to get porcelain and such as a change in lifestyle along with philosophy and art interest
  • 19 th^ cent: values get transformed