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American Revolution
The American Revolution was a political upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which colonists in the Thirteen American Colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain, and founded the United States of America.Colonists believed king and Parliament shouldn't interfere with their internal affairsNo taxation without representation TERM 2
Declaration of Independence
DEFINITION 2 Political document that affirmed natural rights of "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness"Declared colonies "free and independent sides states absolved from all allegiance to the British crown"Written by Thomas Jefferson TERM 3
U.S. Constitution
DEFINITION 3 Articles of ConfederationCould levy taxesRaise a national armyRegulate domestic and foreign tradeEstablish a national currencyGovernment divided into three branches: presidential (execute laws, veto, supervise affairs, direct army), legislative (Composed of Senate and House of Representatives), judiciary ( Supreme Court , enforced Constitution as supreme law) TERM 4
Bill of
Rights
DEFINITION 4 Effected in 1791Contained first ten amendments: Freedom of religion, speech, press, petition and assemblyRight to bear armsProtection against unreasonable searches and arrestsTrial by juryDue process of lawProtection of property rights TERM 5
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the
Citizen
DEFINITION 5 Influenced by American Declaration of Independence A document, issued by the National Assembly on August 26, 1789, that granted sovereignty to all French people. The declaration, which drew from the ideas of some of the Enlightenment's greatest thinkers, asserted that liberty is a "natural" and "imprescriptible" right of man and that "men are born and remain free and equal in rights."
Estate System
First Estate: clergy, 130,000 peopleDid not pay tailleSecond Estate: Nobility, 350,000 peopleHeld high rank positions in governments, military, law courts, and administrative officesThird Estate: commoners, Bourgeoisie, 75-80% of population TERM 7
Bourgeoisie
DEFINITION 7 middle classHeld property for security and statusExcluded from social and political privileges controlled by noblesResentments= major cause of FRCould join nobility through obtaining public houses and entering nobles of the robeUsually attracted to Enlightenment ideas TERM 8
Parlement
DEFINITION 8 registered royal decrees Consisted of 13 courtsCould block edictsForced into submission by Louis XIVGained strength when they assumed defenders of "liberty" vs. arbitrary monarchsBlocked new taxes TERM 9
Estates General
DEFINITION 9 A medieval representative institution in France that had not met for 175 years before King Louis XVI reconvened it on May 5, 1789, to deal with the looming financial crisis. Consisting of three estates - the clergy, nobility, and commoners, respectively - the Estates General was the only group- that would be able to force the assorted French Parlements into accepting the controller general of finance Charles de Calonne's tax decrees. TERM 10
Abbe Sieyes
DEFINITION 10 Wrote "What is The Third Estate?" He believed that France was better off without social classes. He argued that the Third Estate was the assembled will of he nation and that the noble caste could simply be abolished. What is the third estate? Everything. What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing. What does it ask? To become something.
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops. The document angered the pope and church officials and turned many French Catholics against the revolutionaries. TERM 17
Constitution of 1791
DEFINITION 17 The new French constitution that in 1791 established a constitutional monarchy, or limited monarchy, with all executive power answerable to a legislative assembly. Under the new constitution, King Louis XVI could only temporarily veto legislation passed by the assembly. The constitution restricted voting in the assembly to the upper and middle classes of French society and abolished "nobility" as a legal order. TERM 18
Legislative Assembly
DEFINITION 18 1791-1792decided and created the laws. The king could veto, which would not halt, but delay the process. The assembly also had the power to make war and peace. TERM 19
Jacobins
DEFINITION 19 were one of the most known political clubs formed by the deputies of the third estate. They advocated for a republic as opposed to the traditional monarchy. They were influenced largely by the Enlightenment and the radical thinker, Rousseau. A group of Jacobins, called the Girondists, took control of the Legislative Assembly. TERM 20
Georges
Danton
DEFINITION 20 He was a skilled politician. He worked to create a revolutionary government in the capital, the Paris Commune, which would play a major role in forcing moderates to adopt more aggressive measures. He was a growing critic of Robespierre and was therefore executed.
National Convention
The body that replaced the Legislative Assembly following a successful election in 1792. As one of its first actions, the convention declared the French monarchy abolished on September 21, 1792, and on the following day declared France a republic. Though originally dominated by moderates, the convention became controlled by radical Jacobins in 1793. TERM 22
Committee of Public Safety
DEFINITION 22 A body, chaired by Maximilien Robespierre, to which the National Convention gave dictatorial powers in April 1793 in an attempt to deal with France's wars abroad and economic problems at home. Although the committee led off its tenure with an impressive war effort and economy-salvaging initiatives, things took a turn for the worse when Robespierre began his violent Reign of Terror in late
TERM 23
Max Robespierre
DEFINITION 23 An ambitious lawyer from northern France, he served in the National Assembly, gaining some notoriety with his calls for universal male suffrage and the abolition of capital punishment and slavery in the colonies. Obsessed with creating a new political structure, he argues that virtue must be combined with terror. Even if they condemn his methods, most historians consider him sincere in his beliefs; indeed he earns the nickname "The Incorruptible" in his lifetime. He wished to create a new deistic civic religion, which culminates with a Festival of the Supreme Being in June 1794. He single handily cause the radical phase of the Revolution. TERM 24
Revolutionary Army
DEFINITION 24 Army of 650,000 grew to 1,169,000Conquered Austrian NetherlandsA creation of "people's" governmentWars were "people's wars" TERM 25
Reign of Terror
DEFINITION 25 A ten-month period of oppression and execution from late 1793 to mid-1794, organized by Max Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety to suppress any potential enemies of the radical Revolution. The Reign of Terror ended with the fall of Robespierre, who was arrested and executed in July 1794. Robespierre's execution ushered in the Thermidorian Reaction of 1794-1795 and the establishment of the Directory as the head of France's executive government.
Civil Code
Napoleon's bargain with the middle class that reasserted equality of all male citizens before the law and absolute security of wealth and private property Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy TERM 32
Centralized Bureaucracy (Napol)
DEFINITION 32 instituted new officials for 83 departments of NCAgents supervised local government Tax collected by professionalsNo tax exemptionsPromotion based on abilityLoss of equality through creation of new aristocracy (based on state service), strong protection of property rights, use of conscription for military, went arbitrary TERM 33
Concordat of 1801
DEFINITION 33 Made by Napoleon with Pope Pius VII. Pope gained the right for French Catholics to practice their religion freely while Napoleon gained political power: his government now dominated bishops, paid the clergy, and had great influence over the church in France. TERM 34
Lack of Women's
Rights
DEFINITION 34 Gave their property to husband in marriagetreated as minors in lawsuitshad a less reliable ceremony\more difficult to get a divorce TERM 35
Censorship
DEFINITION 35 Newspapers had to be supervised by government Mail was opened by policeNo freedom of press, restricted assembly
Grand Coalition
Peace achieved withRussia, G Britain and Austria in Amiens March 1802War renewed w/ Britain joined by Austria, Russia, and Prussia. Grand army defeats coalition TERM 37
Grand Empire
DEFINITION 37 The empire over which Napoleon and his allies ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain and Russia.had 3 parts: 1. France (including Belgium, Holland, parts of noterhern Italy, and much German territory) 2. a number of dependent satellite kingdoms 3. independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia TERM 38
Continental System
DEFINITION 38 Issued by Napoleon to conquer Britain. Tried to exclude British goods from the continent but failed because it was harmful to continental trading interests (including France). Basically, they had goods that couldn't be replaced. TERM 39
Nationalism
DEFINITION 39 "the bonding of a people by a common language, history, traditions, beliefs, and goals"Nationalism is a shared group feeling in the significance of a geographical and sometimes demographic region seeking independence for its culture and/or ethnicity that holds that group together.Made possible mass armies TERM 40
Elba
DEFINITION 40 This island in the Mediterranean Sea off of Italy where Napoleon was initially exiled after he abdicated the throne for the first time. He promised to never leave, but does so and regains power in France for a short period called the Hundred Days
