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Human Chimpanzee (98,2% similar) Gorilla (97,7% similar) Orangutan (96,3% similar) Millions of years ago 15 8 5 Present Ancestral primate (92,0% similar) Name: ____________________________________ May 2012 Time: 90 min Grade 12: ______ Marks: 100 QUESTION 1. The following questions have four possible answers. Write down the numbers 1.1 to 1.10, one below the other, and next to each the letter of the correct answer. 1.1. The diagram below shows a comparison of nitrogen base sequences in the DNA of some organisms to those of a human. According to this diagram, humans may be most closely related to the: A. gorilla B. ancestral primate C. orangutan D. chimpanzee 1.2. All of the following are capable of evolution by natural selection, EXCEPT : A. a female giraffe B. a herd of buffalo on the plains of Africa C. the billions of bacteria inhabiting the colon of a human being D. lions and leopards in the Kruger National Park and the herds of buck which they prey on 1.3. DDT was once considered a "silver bullet" that would permanently eradicate insect pests. Today, instead, DDT is largely useless against many insects. What would need to be true for pest eradication efforts to have been successful in the long run? A. The frequency of DDT application should have been higher. B. DDT application should have been continual. C. All habitats should have received applications of DDT at about the same time. D. All individual insects should have possessed genomes that made them susceptible to DDT.
DANVILLE PARK GIRLS’ HIGH
GRADE 12 LIFE SCIENCES CONTROL
TEST
EVOLUTION
Millions of years ago
1.4. The type of reproductive isolating barrier separating two different species of pine which shed their pollen at different times of the year is: A. mechanical isolation B. habitat isolation C. behavioural isolation D. seasonal isolation 1.5. Some people say that ‘humans have evolved from monkeys’. This is inaccurate and it would be more correct to say: A. monkeys and humans are genetically identical B. humans have evolved more than monkeys C. humans and monkeys have a common ancestor D. monkeys will eventually evolve into humans 1.6. A single species of squirrel evolved over time into two species, each on opposite sides of the Grand Canyon in North America. This change was most likely due to: A. higher mutation rates on one side B. the isolation of the two groups C. differences in reproductive rates D. low genetic diversity in the initial population 1.7. Variation within a population occurs because of: A. the process of crossing over during meiosis B. mutations C. random fusion of gametes D. all of the above 1.8. During drought years on the Galapagos, small, easily eaten seeds become rare leaving only large, hard - cased seeds that only birds with large beaks can eat. If a drought persists for several years, then what should one expect to result from natural selection? A. Small birds anticipating the long drought and eating more to gain weight and, consequently, growing larger beaks. B. More small-beaked birds dying than the larger-beaked birds. The offspring produced in subsequent generations have a higher percentage of birds with large beaks. C. Small birds mutating their beak genes with the result that later generation offspring have larger beaks. D. Small birds gaining larger beaks by exercising their mouth parts. 1.9. In each generation, the wings of experimental fruit flies were clipped short for fifty generations. The fifty-first generation emerged with normal-length wings. This observation would tend to disprove the idea that evolution is based on: A. inheritance of natural variations. B. inheritance of acquired characteristics. C. natural selection. D. survival of the fittest.
foramen magnum bottom view (^) pelvis Some important anatomical differences between Homo, Australopithecus and chimpanzee lateral view Skull Homo Australopithecus Chimpanzee
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QUESTION 4:
A comparison of the anatomical features of organisms has helped scientists to propose evolutionary relationships. Study the diagrams below and answer the following questions: 4.1. Tabulate THREE visible differences between the side view of the skulls of Homo and the chimpanzee. (7) 4.2. Give the common name of TWO of the famous fossils that have been found of Australopithecus africanus. (2) 4.3. Give the exact location where each of the fossils named in 4.2. above was found? (2) 4.4. Which of the three organisms represented in the diagram above was/ is not bipedal? Give ONE observable feature in the diagram above to support your answer. (2) [13]
QUESTION 5:
The diagram below shows a possible evolutionary tree for the primates. Study the diagram and answer the questions which follow: 5.1. If a new species of monkey was discovered, whose origins were thought to have been about 23 million years ago, which group of primates would it be considered most closely related to? (1) 5.2. Differentiate between the terms hominoid and hominid. (4) 5.3. How many millions of years ago did the New World monkeys evolve? (1) [6]
QUESTION 8:
Artificial selection by humans has developed some species of animals with extremely altered body shapes that may sometimes be life threatening to the animal, for example a pug dog’s compacted nasal passage inhibits clear breathing. 8.1. Tabulate TWO differences between artificial selection and natural selection. (5) 8.2. Suggest how you think artificial selection in domestic breed development could be carefully monitored to protect the animals themselves from fashion trend extremes. (3) [8] QUESTION 9: Modern humans belong to the species Homo sapiens. Many people think that modern humans evolved from more primitive species. Three of these primitive species were Australopithecus , Homo habilis and Homo erectus. These three species are now extinct. The graph shows the brain size of several specimens from each of the species. 9.1. Name the species represented in the graph above which has the largest brain size. (1) 9.2. Estimate the average brain size of Australopithecus. Show all your working. (3) 9.3. Suggest how scientists are able to estimate the brain size of Australopithecus. (2) 9.4. Suggest an explanation, in terms of natural selection, for the change in brain size during the evolution of Homo sapiens. (3) [9] 4 3 2 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 B r a i n s i z e ( c m 3 ) M i l l i o n s o f y e a r s a g o P r e s e n t t i m e H o m o s a p i e n s H o m o e r e c t u s H o m o h a b i l i s A u s t r a l o p i t h e c u s
QUESTION 10:
Galapagos finches are the famous example of natural selection from Darwin’s voyage. The finches’ beaks have evolved over time to best suit their eating habits. The data below shows how beak depth varies in a sample population of Darwin’s finches. Answer the questions below. 10.1. From the data in the table, identify the: A. dependent and B. independent variable. (2) 10.2. Draw a pie chart to represent the variation in beak depth of the finches. Show ALL calculations. (11) 10.3. Where are the original ancestor of these finches believed to have come from? (1) 10.4. Identify the barrier that lead to the speciation of Darwin’s finches? (1) [15] TOTAL = 100 Variation in beak depth (mm) Number of birds (%) 7,1 – 8,0 6 8,1 – 9,0 38 9,1 – 10,0 42 10,1 – 11,0 14
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QUESTION 5:
5.1. Old World monkeys (1) 5.2. Hominoid – group includes apes and humans and their ancestors/ other hominids
- have no tails Hominid – group includes only humans and their ancestors/ other hominids
- are bipedal (4) 5.3. 33 – 34 million years ago (1) [6] QUESTION 6: Climate changed and became drier on some islands and vegetation became taller shrubs and bushes. Charles Darwin Said that offspring Tortoises already showed a great deal of variation. Offspring would compete for limited resources. Having a longer neck to reach food on shrubs and bushes would enable individuals to compete better for resources in the drier environment and would increase these organism’s chances of survival and reproducing and creating fertile offspring. (selected for) Organisms with less favourable variations (shorter necks) would be less likely to produce offspring. (died out) In this way more favourable variations (longer necks) will be transferred into the next generation. Over time the number of variations within individuals of a species would increase and eventually a new species would evolve having longer necks. He formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection. () (max6) Lamarck Initially there was no variety in the population Suggested that the characteristics that an organism (tortoise) acquires during the course of its life could be passed onto its offspring. In this way organisms are able to evolve from generation to generation. He said that the neck of a tortoise became longer and longer because for many generations the tortoise had stretched to get to food higher up on shrubs and bushes. The tortoise would then pass on this acquired characteristic, the long neck, to its offspring. (max 4) [10]
QUESTION 7:
7.1. A group of organisms having (a large number of) similar characteristics (look like each other) and can reproduce with each other to produce viable offspring (which are fertile) (3) 7.2. sympatric (1) 7.3. There are reproductive isolating barriers present which prevent two species from breeding with one another (1) 7.4. Rana aurora (red-legged frog) and Rana catesbeiana (bull frog) breed in different types of water bodies (Fast moving streams and permanent ponds) OR Rana aurora (red-legged frog) and Rana boylii (yellow-legged frog) breed at different times of the year (Jan – March and March to May) OR Rana pipiens (Leopard frog) and Rana catesbeiana (bull frog) breed at same time of year but have different mating calls / so the female of one not attracted to male of the other (2) [7] QUESTION 8: 8.1. Table comparing natural selection and artificial selection (Heading) Natural selection Artificial selection The agent of change is nature The agent of change is man Traits are selected that make the organism better suited/ adapted to the environment Traits are selected that will be useful to humans/ Traits selected do not necessarily make the organism better adapted to its environment (5) 8.2. Breeders belong to an organization that monitors breeding. Applications need to be made as to which blood lines are to be bread and why Offspring to be checked by a vet and reports sent to breeding organization (any 3 valid points or one valid point explained in more depth) (3) [8] QUESTION 9: 9.1. Homo sapiens (underline to get mark) (1) 9.2. 500 + 500 + 450 + 450 + 400 + 400 + 300 = 3000 = 428,5 cm^3 7 (3) 9.3. Skulls have been found that have become fossils and the volume inside the skull was measured (2) 9.4. Brains varied in size/ bigger brains arose by mutation Organisms with bigger brains were more likely to survive and have offspring as they were more intelligent Offspring inherited bigger brains (any suitable answer) (3)
