Pa
rt
1
:
B
iom
e
s
&
E
nvironm
e
nt
1
.
B
iom
e
s in
S
outh
e
rn
A
fri
ca
A b
iom
e
is
a
l
a
rg
e a
r
ea c
h
a
r
ac
t
e
riz
ed b
y its
c
lim
a
t
e
,
soil typ
e
,
a
n
d
th
e
pl
a
nts
/
a
nim
a
ls
th
a
t liv
e
th
e
r
e
.
Te
rr
e
stri
a
l
(
La
n
d
):
Sa
v
a
nn
a
(
th
e
l
a
rg
e
st
),
Na
m
a Ka
roo
,
S
u
cc
ul
e
nt
Ka
roo
,
G
r
a
ssl
a
n
d
,
F
yn
b
os
(
f
a
mous for
P
rot
ea
s
),
F
or
e
st
,
a
n
d T
hi
c
k
e
t
.
A
qu
a
ti
c
(
Wa
t
e
r
):
F
r
e
shw
a
t
e
r
(
riv
e
rs
/
l
a
k
e
s
)
a
n
d Ma
rin
e
(
o
cea
ns
/
c
or
a
l r
ee
fs
).
Fac
tors influ
e
n
c
ing org
a
nisms in
b
iom
e
s
:
C
lim
a
t
e
:
Te
mp
e
r
a
tur
e a
n
d
r
a
inf
a
ll
a
r
e
th
e b
igg
e
st f
ac
tors
. (
e
.
g
.,
G
r
a
ssl
a
n
d
s
n
eed
summ
e
r r
a
in
).
S
oils
:
Sa
n
d
y soils
d
r
a
in f
a
st
;
c
l
a
y soils hol
d
w
a
t
e
r
.
Ve
g
e
t
a
tion
:
T
h
e
typ
e
s of pl
a
nts
de
t
e
rmin
e
whi
c
h
a
nim
a
ls
ca
n liv
e
th
e
r
e
(
e
.
g
.,
gir
a
ff
e
s n
eed
tr
ee
s in th
e Sa
v
a
nn
a
).
2
.
E
nvironm
e
nt
&
H
um
a
n
I
mp
ac
t
H
um
a
n
Ac
tiviti
e
s
:
P
ollution
,
de
for
e
st
a
tion
,
a
n
d
ov
e
rfishing
.
H
um
a
n
I
nt
e
r
ac
tions
:
H
ow w
e
us
e
r
e
sour
ce
s
(
lik
e
w
a
t
e
r from w
e
tl
a
n
d
s
)
a
n
d
th
e
import
a
n
ce
of
c
ons
e
rv
a
tion to k
ee
p
ec
osyst
e
ms
ba
l
a
n
ced
.
Pa
rt
2
:
I
n
-
De
pth
N
utri
e
nt
C
y
c
l
e
s
S
in
ce
you
a
sk
ed
to go in
-
de
pth
,
fo
c
us on how th
e
s
e
mov
e
from th
e
non
-
living
e
nvironm
e
nt into living things
a
n
d bac
k
a
g
a
in
.
A
.
T
h
e Ca
r
b
on
C
y
c
l
e
Ca
r
b
on is th
e
"
b
uil
d
ing
b
lo
c
k
"
of lif
e
.
I
t mov
e
s through th
e a
tmosph
e
r
e a
s
$
CO
_
2
$.
1
.
P
hotosynth
e
sis
(
T
h
e E
ntry
P
oint
):
G
r
ee
n pl
a
nts t
a
k
e
$
CO
_
2
$
from th
e
a
tmosph
e
r
e a
n
d c
onv
e
rt it into glu
c
os
e
(
foo
d
/
e
n
e
rgy
).
T
his is th
e
only
pro
ce
ss th
a
t r
e
mov
e
s
$
CO
_
2
$
from th
e a
ir
.
2
.
Feed
ing
:
Ca
r
b
on mov
e
s from pl
a
nts to
a
nim
a
ls wh
e
n th
e
y
ea
t
.
3
.
Re
spir
a
tion
:
A
ll living org
a
nisms
(
pl
a
nts
a
n
d a
nim
a
ls
)
b
r
ea
k
d
own foo
d
for
e
n
e
rgy
a
n
d b
r
ea
th
e
out
$
CO
_
2
$
a
s
a
w
a
st
e
pro
d
u
c
t
.
4
.
Dec
omposition
:
W
h
e
n org
a
nisms
d
i
e
,
dec
ompos
e
rs
(
bac
t
e
ri
a
/
fungi
)
b
r
ea
k
d
own th
e b
o
d
i
e
s
,
r
e
l
ea
sing
ca
r
b
on
bac
k into th
e
soil
a
n
d a
tmosph
e
r
e
.
5
.
C
om
b
ustion
:
B
urning woo
d
or fossil fu
e
ls
(
c
o
a
l
/
oil
)
r
e
l
ea
s
e
s l
a
rg
e a
mounts of
stor
ed ca
r
b
on
bac
k into th
e a
ir
a
s
$
CO
_
2
$.
B
.
T
h
e N
itrog
e
n
C
y
c
l
e
