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Page 1 of 208 D570 / D 570 EXAM 1 & FINAL EXAM (LATEST 2025 / 2026 UPDATES STUDY BUNDLE PACKAGE WITH SOLUTIONS) COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY UESTIONS AND ANSWERS | GRADE A | 100% CORRECT (VERIFIED ANSWERS) - WGU functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) .....ANSWER.....a brain imaging technique introduced in 1990 that allows the observation of activated areas in the human brain during cognitive activity without radioactive tracers* EX: Researchers use fMRI to see which parts of the brain are active when people recall childhood memories. Broca's Aphasia ....ANSWER.....A speech disorder resulting from damage to Broca's area (frontal lobe), causing difficulty in producing speech while comprehension largely remains intact.EX: After suffering a stroke, a man tries to say, "| need help," but can Page 2 of 208 only say "help... need," struggling with speech but understanding others perfectly. Behaviorism ....ANSWER.....A psychological approach that focuses on observable behaviors and how they are learned through interactions with the environment, often through conditioning. EX: dog is trained to sit by being rewarded with a treat every time it follows the command. Over time, the dog learns to sit without needing a treat every time. Heuristic: ....ANSWER.....mental shortcut that allows people to solve problems and make judgments quickly and efficiently. * EX: When deciding which route to drive during rush hour, someone quickly chooses the side streets without checking traffic because the side streets are usually faster. Method of Loci .....ANSWER.....A mnemonic device that involves imagining a familiar place and mentally placing items you want to remember at different locations within it. * EX: A student Page 4 of 208 is saying, your Wernicke's area is actively comprehending the language. Wernicke's Aphasia .....ANSWER.....A language disorder caused by damage to Wernicke's area, leading to fluent but nonsensical speech and impaired language comprehension. * EX: After brain damage, a woman speaks in long, flowing sentences, but they are confusing and meaningless ("The butter talks when the wall runs"), and she has trouble understanding or comprehending questions. Structuralism ....ANSWER.....An early school of psychology that aimed to understand the structure of the mind by analyzing its basic elements through introspection. * EX: A person is asked to describe their sensations and feelings in response to eating an apple. They say "like its sweetness, crunchiness, and the color red" breaking the experience into smaller parts. Page 5 of 208 Introspection ....ANSWER.....A method of self-observation where individuals examine and report their own thoughts, feelings, and mental experiences. It was a key method used in early psychology, especially by structuralists. * EX: After tasting a new dessert, a person closes their eyes and tries to consciously notice every sensation. The sweetness of its taste, the feeling of the texture, the smell of it and then describe their inner experience in detail. Savings Curve ....ANSWER.....: A concept developed by Hermann Ebbinghaus showing that relearning information takes less time than initially learning it, even if much was forgotten. * EX: After forgetting most of the French she learned in high school, a woman begins relearning French years later and finds she picks it up much faster than the first time she studied it. initiated by John Watson ....ANSWER.....behaviorism, , emphasizing observable behavior over internal mental processes. Page 7 of 208 1879 - Wilhelm Wundt ..... ANSWER.....Event: Established the first scientific psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany Theory: Structuralism Method: Analytic introspection - trained participants described their experiences in response to stimuli Significance: Marked the beginning of psychology as an experimental science 1885 - Hermann Ebbinghaus .....ANSWER.....Focus: Forgetting curve & memory Method: Used nonsense syllables to study memory retention Technique: Savings - amount of time saved when learning material again Significance: Demonstrated that memory can be quantified Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) ....ANSWER.....Model: Modal Model of Memory Page 8 of 208 Three Stages: Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Described flow of information in a linear fashion Basis for many later memory models 1890 - William James ....ANSWER.....Work: Principles of Psychology Contribution: Observed the functions of the mind rather than structure Perspective: Functionalism Significance: Emphasized the purpose of consciousness and behavior; seen as the father of American psychology Page 10 of 208 Broadbent's filter model of attention includes three stages: input of information, filtering of information through attention, and a processing detector which transfers information to a memory store. Which model of memory includes three stages: sensory store, short-term memory, and long-term memory? so ANSWER.....Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed a memory processing model with three stages: incoming information enters a sensory memory store, moves into short-term memory, and is then transferred to a long-term memory store. Echoic memory is a type of sensory memory that deals specifically with auditory information ....ANSWER.....Function: Allows you to briefly retain and process sounds even after the sound is no longer present Page 11 of 208 Example: When someone says something and you ask, "What?"—but then realize you actually heard it and respond before they repeat it—that's echoic memory at work. Little Albert" experiment .... ANSWER.....9-month-old-boy, to a loud noise every time a rat (which Albert had originally liked) came close to the child. After a few pairings of the noise with the rat, Albert reacted to the rat by crawling away as rapidly as possible. classical conditioning ....ANSWER.....A procedure in which pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response causes the neutral stimulus to elicit that response. Spatial Imagery: ....ANSWER.....Measured by the paper folding test, spatial imagery refers to the ability to visualize and manipulate objects in a three-dimensional space. Page 13 of 208 developmentC. Psychosocial developmentD. Environmental development .... ANSWER.....D. Environmental development 2. Physical development includes changes in:A. Emotional regulation and social relationshipsB. Growth of the body, brain, and motor skillsC. Reasoning, memory, and creativityD. Moral decision-making .....ANSWER.....B. Growth of the body, brain, and motor skills 3. The normative approach in developmental psychology focuses on:A. Understanding unique individual differences in developmentB. Establishing average ages for developmental milestonesC. Studying genetic influences on growthD. Comparing development across animal species ....ANSWER.....B. Establishing average ages for developmental milestones 4. Which of the following is an example of a universal biological milestone2A. Starting formal schoolingB. PubertyC. Learning to Page 14 of 208 ride a bikeD. Learning a native language ....ANSWER.....B. Puberty 5. In the Louisa and Kimberly scenario, if Louisa's child is 14 months and not walking yet, what should she understand about the normative milestone for walking?A. Her child is significantly delayed and requires immediate interventionB. Milestones are averages; some children reach them earlier or laterC. Walking must begin by exactly 12 months for normal developmentD. Her child will never develop normal motor skills .....ANSWER.....B. Milestones are averages; some children reach them earlier or later 6. The continuous view of development emphasizes:A. Sudden, stage-based changesB. Gradual, cumulative improvement in skillsC. Cultural differences in developmentD. Biological determinism ....ANSWER.....B. Gradual, cumulative improvement in skills Page 16 of 208 10. Piaget's term schema refers to:A. A cultural norm for developmentB. A mental model used to categorize and interpret informationC. A specific developmental milestoneD. The ability to think abstractly ....ANSWER.....B. A mental model used to categorize and interpret information 11. When a child changes their mental model to include new information, Piaget called this:A. AssimilationB. AccommodationC. ConservationD. Object permanence .....ANSWER.....B. Accommodation 12. Object permanence is:A. The ability to understand others’ perspectivesB. Recognizing that objects exist even when out of sightC. A stage of moral reasoningD. Understanding abstract concepts .....ANSWER.....B. Recognizing that objects exist even when out of sight 13. A preschool child who thinks they have more pizza because their slice is cut into more pieces is demonstrating:A. Theory of Page 17 of 208 mindB. EgocentrismC. Lack of conservationD. Assimilation aseee ANSWER.....C. Lack of conservation 14. The ability to understand that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance is known as:A. ReversibilityB. ConservationC. AccommodationD. Symbolic thinking sseee ANSWER.....B. Conservation 15. The formal operational stage involves:A. Using symbols but lacking logicB. Logical thinking about concrete events onlyC. Abstract and hypothetical reasoningD. Mastery of object permanence .....ANSWER.....C. Abstract and hypothetical reasoning 16. Postformal thought differs from Piaget's stages in that it:A. Rejects abstract thinkingB. Integrates logic with emotion and contextC. Only applies to adolescentsD. Occurs before formal operational thought ....ANSWER.....B. Integrates logic with emotion and context Page 19 of 208 Reinforcement-based learningD. Theory of mind ....ANSWER.....B. A language acquisition device 20. Which cognitive psychology subfield studies how humans select information to process and manage mental resources?A. MemoryB. PerceptionC. AttentionD. Concept formation cone ANSWER.....C. Attention A 10-year-old child can solve math problems when given concrete examples (like blocks or coins) but struggles with purely abstract problems. According to Piaget, the child is most likely in which stage? A. Preoperational B. Concrete operational C. Formal operational D. Sensorimotor .....ANSWER.....Answer: B. Concrete operational You are designing a preschool curriculum. The children often believe the moon follows them at night. Which Piagetian concept does this demonstrate, and what should you include in the curriculum to address it? A. Egocentrism; activities encouraging Page 20 of 208 perspective-taking B. Conservation; measurement games C. Theory of mind; role-playing games D. Assimilation; memory drills .....ANSWER.....Answer: A. Egocentrism; activities encouraging perspective-taking A researcher shows toddlers a tall, thin glass of juice and a short, wide glass with the same amount of juice. Most toddlers say the tall glass has more juice. Which skill has not yet developed, and what intervention could help? A. Conservation; hands-on pouring activities B. Reversibility; logic puzzles C. Theory of mind; social storytelling D. Object permanence; hide-and-seek soeee ANSWER.....Answer: A. Conservation; hands-on pouring activities A teenager debates whether voting should be mandatory and considers both pros and cons. Which cognitive development stage does this behavior illustrate? A. Preoperational B. Concrete 
