Download Dentistry Final Exam and more Exams Dentistry in PDF only on Docsity!
Dentistry Final Exam
facial - ✔the vestibular surface of the teeth visible from the front rostral - ✔A structure that is closer to the front of the head in comparison with another structure coronal - ✔A structure with a location closer to the crown of the tooth in relation to another structure apical - ✔The portion of the tooth closer to the tip of the root palatal - ✔The surface of maxillary teeth adjacent to the palate occlusal - ✔The part of a tooth that meets with the teeth of the opposite dental arcade lingual - ✔The surface of the mandibular teeth adjacent to the tongue vestibular - ✔Tooth surface facing the lips Indications of normal occlusion - ✔-scissors bite -dental interlock -pinking shear effect -premolar horizontal relationship -crowns of maxillary and mandibular molars occlude (dogs, not cats) -head symmetry Dental formula for permanent teeth in the dog - ✔I 3/3 : C 1/1 : P 4/4 : M 2/ Dental formula for permanent teeth in the cat - ✔I 3/3 : C 1/1 : P 3/2 : M 1/ Identify and briefly describe the four tissue structures that make up the periodontium. - ✔gingiva-thick, keratinized tissue, also known as "gum" tissue, that attaches the tooth at the cement-enamel junction cementum-covers the root of the tooth periodontal ligament-made of collagen and elastic fibers, connects tooth root and bone, and holds the tooth in the alveolus alveolar bone-part of the mandible or maxilla that forms the bone socket that holds the tooth root root - ✔The portion of the tooth normally embedded in the bone. cementum - ✔A bony substance that covers the dentin of the tooth root apex - ✔The root tip
pulp - ✔The soft tissue component of a tooth crown - ✔The portion of a tooth that is normally visible in the oral cavity dentin - ✔A hard material that makes up most of each tooth cemento-enamel junction - ✔The place where the gum tissue joins the tooth enamel - ✔Covers the crown of the teeth; hardest tissue in the body Dogs have ____________ permanent teeth. - ✔ 42 Cats have ____________ permanent teeth. - ✔ 30 Identify the four types of teeth that dogs and cats have and briefly describe their function. - ✔incisors-gnawing and grooming canines-prehending and holding premolars & molars-shearing and grinding Describe the role the veterinary technician can play in providing small animal dentistry in private practice. - ✔-application of knowledge and several skill sets in dentistry -knowledge of normal dental anatomy and occlusion in pets, dental formulas and eruption times, and periodontal disease -strong technical skills and knowledge in performing dental cleanings, oral exams, and charting -effectively communicate to and educate clients on dental care, periodontal disease, and dental services provided in their practice Describe the size relationship of teeth and their roots (i.e., understand that some teeth have roots with huge surface areas) - ✔two types: brachyodont-relatively small, distinct crown compared with the size of their well- developed roots hypsodont-comparatively large reserve crown beneath the gingival margin and root structure that allows for continued growth and/or continued eruption during all or most of an animal's lifetime Explain the process of permanent teeth development and eruption - ✔-formation occurs in the alveolar bone -enamel formation complete before eruption -dentine production and root development just beginning after eruption Describe what a periodontal pocket is and how one is formed. - ✔-a space that is formed between the tooth and gums where bacteria accumulates -formed when inflammation and infection extend further into the sulcus, resulting in bone loss of the alveolar bone Explain what crazing is. Is it considered normal or abnormal? -
-typically associated with gingival hyperplasia (abnormal thickening of the gingiva) What is the name of the dental instrument that we use to measure gingival sulcus or periodontal pocket depth? - ✔periodontal probe You are examining a patient's mouth during a dental and you see a soft tissue lesion. Explain why it is important to look for a similar symmetrical lesion on the other side of the mouth. - ✔bilateral lesions-cheek chewing; unilateral lesions require further testing Explain what periodontal disease is. - ✔-the most common dental disease and is majorly responsible for the loss of teeth -ranges between different stages from the milder form of disease that is gingivitis— inflammation of the gingiva or gums—to the more severe periodontitis—destruction of the periodontium Describe what plaque is and explain its relationship to dental calculus. - ✔Plaque-a soft, cream-light gray deposit that adheres to the teeth and must be mechanically removed. It is a biofilm primarily comprised of bacteria but also salivary glycoproteins, polysaccharides, epithelial cells, and much more. After about three days and the plaque is not removed, the plaque begins to calcify. This calcified plaque is also known as dental calculus. Describe what a perioceutic product is and explain how it is used. - ✔medication (tetracycline) that is applied into a shallow periodontal pocket after it has been cleared of debris; used to help fight off the bacterial infection and promote reattachment of the gingiva to the tooth surface Explain the difference in measuring periodontal pocket depth and measuring attachment loss. - ✔-periodontal pocket depth-gingival margin to the base of the pocket -attachment loss-cemento-enamel junction to the base of the pocket (or the gingival margin if there is no pocket). Sometimes the crowns of teeth can be worm down quite a bit (in some cases almost to the gum line) but yet they will not have any exposed pulp. Explain how this can occur. - ✔The pulp recedes because as the tooth is worn down, the pulp produces reparative dentin to keep the pulp covered and the tooth sealed. Mechanical scaling is is often faster and easier than hand scaling teeth. With this being the case, why do we still do some hand scaling of teeth when performing a dental prophylaxis? - ✔sometimes mechanical scaling is not as effective at removing deposits; hand scaling is still used to remove large, supragingival deposits and subgingival deposits before using mechanical scalers. Explain why patients that are undergoing a dental cleaning should always be intubated.
- ✔to prevent the inhalation of aerosolized bacteria and debris and asphyxiation on irrigation and cooling fluid Describe the difference between calculus forceps and extraction forceps. Should these two instruments be used interchangeably? Why or why not? - ✔Calculus forceps-used to remove any heavy calculus from the surface of the teeth
Extraction forceps-used to extract the entire tooth. No; these instruments were only designed for their own specific function (i.e. if calculus forceps were to be used to extract a tooth or any other manner that may require excessive force, it would result in fractured teeth). Explain why it is permissible to use a dental curette both above and below the gum line but a dental scaler should only be used on the crown of the tooth above the gum line. - ✔-dental curette-rounded tip -dental scaler-sharp, pointed tip; can lacerate the gingival margin if used subgingivally Dental instruments that are used inside the mouth but do not penetrate the oral mucosa (e.g., scalers, curettes), should be sterilized after use. (T/F) - ✔False Why must we polish the teeth after they have been scaled? - ✔to remove plaque and to restore the scaled tooth surfaces to smoothness Periodontal probe - ✔ Sickle scaler - ✔ Describe the difference between a sonic scaler and ultrasonic scaler. - ✔Sonic scalers-driven by a compressed air-driven dental unit, are generally less effective than ultrasonic scalers, and the tip oscillates at a sonic frequency Ultrasonic scalers-driven by a micromotor, and the tip vibration is generated by either a magnetostrictive mechanism or a piezoelectric mechanism in the hand piece. The tips of ultrasonic scalers oscillate at ultrasonic frequencies. Dental elevator - ✔ Dental curette - ✔has two cutting edges After you have sharpened a hand-instrument, what is the best way to test whether or not sharpness has been restored? - ✔acrylic test stick Calculus forceps - ✔ Extraction forceps - ✔ Sickle scaler - ✔Can be curved or straight; used for removal of supragingival calculus; blade has two cutting edges Columbia curette - ✔Two cutting edges; can be used for subgingival removal of calculus and root planing; can also be used to removed supragingival calculus Periodontal probe - ✔Blunt ended instrument used to measure the gingival sulcus depth Dental elevator - ✔Used to break down the periodontal ligament with a combination of apical pressure and leverage Gracey curette -
Describe the appropriate use of the ultrasonic scaler when using it to scale calculus off the teeth. - ✔-use short, rapid, overlapping strokes to prevent heat buildup -the scaler should not stay on one tooth surface for more than 5 seconds to prevent damage to the tooth Identify the species of animal in which it is appropriate to use spring-loaded mouth gags and describe how to use them in a manner that won't harm the animal. - ✔dogs and not cats; It is important to let the mouth gag open on its own and not force it open as this can cause damage to the animal Explain the importance of using Chlorhexidine rinse on the teeth prior to the start of a dental. - ✔reduces the bacterial number and will help to decrease the chances of bacterial contamination State the normal gingival sulcus depth for the cat and the dog. - ✔cat: 0-0.5 mm dog: 2 mm Describe three possible complications of that can result from a dental prophylaxis. - ✔-injury to the gingival tissues -damage to the enamel -bacteremia You are performing a dental prophylaxis with a dog that is in lateral recumbency. You have finished with the first side and now need to turn the patient onto its other side. What do you need to do before you can turn the patient over? - ✔Before turning the patient onto its other side, the hoses from the anesthesia machine must be temporarily disconnected from the endotracheal tube. Once the patient has been turned over, the hoses can be reconnected and prophylaxis can be resumed on the remaining tooth surfaces. Unless specified, ultrasonic scalers should not be used for subgingival scaling. (T/F) - ✔True You are setting up to take an intraoral radiograph using the bisecting angle technique. Describe how this technique is done and what landmarks (i.e. lines, planes) are used to ensure proper placement of the x-ray beam. - ✔When taking an intraoral radiograph using the bisecting angle technique, the film is positioned in the mouth so that the entire root of the target tooth will appear on the radiograph. Imaginary lines are drawn along the plane of the film and the long axis of the tooth, creating an angle where these two lines intersect. To bisect this angle, another imaginary line is drawn, and the central radiograph beam is positioned perpendicular to the bisecting line before taking the radiograph. Describe the process for making non-digital dental radiographs of archival (permanent) quality. Why do we need to worry about making the films archival quality? - ✔-fixer for ten more minutes -rinsed in tap water to remove all gross chemicals -placed in a water bath for 30 minutes -hung up to air dry overnight -stored in the patient's medical record
-Films of archival quality are made as they are part of the patient's permanent medical record and should maintain its quality for viewing in the future. When taking intraoral radiographs using film, explain the importance of making sure the correct side of the film envelope is facing the x-ray beam. What can we use to help ensure that we do this every time we take an intraoral radiograph? - ✔It is very important to make sure the correct side of the film envelope is facing the x-ray beam because if the film is exposed through the back of the envelope, the lead sheet will absorb most of the x-ray beam and result in an underexposed radiograph. To ensure that the correct side is always facing the x-ray beam, there is a raised dot in the corner of x-ray film. The dot should always be facing the x-ray beam and should always be facing a specific direction. The two techniques used for intraoral radiographs are parallel and bisecting angle. Explain what parts of the mouth each of these techniques are used for. - ✔-parallel technique-mandibular molars and premolars -bisecting angle technique-all other teeth (entire maxilla and rostral mandible) Which of the following is NOT a common film size for intraoral radiographs? (0,1,2,4) - ✔ 1 Describe how the parallel technique is done - ✔When taking an intraoral radiograph using the parallel technique, the film is placed parallel to and on the lingual side of the teeth. The incident beam is directed from lateral to medial and perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth, which is parallel to the film. When you are attempting to positioin x-ray film (or digital sensors) in an animal's mouth, identify two things you could use to help you keep the film (or sensor) in place. - ✔packing (foam wedges, swabs) You have just finished hand-developing an intraoral radiograph and you notice that the image has a grayish green hue. What should you do to fix this? - ✔It should be placed in the fixer for a few more minutes When viewing dental radiographs, they should be mounted as if you are facing the animal and looking into its mouth. (T/F) - ✔True What happens when you use exhausted developing solutions (chemicals)? - ✔the developing process gets slower; exhausted solutions should be thrown out and replaced with fresh solutions When setting up a dental radiography unit to take intraoral radiographs, the only setting that you will need to adjust is the _______________. - ✔Time; Less time for smaller animals, more time for larger animals When you are hand processing film (i.e. using a chair-side developer), what is the order of the dunk tank process? - ✔developer, water rinse, fixer, water rinse What are the two most common errors when taking intraoral radiographs? How do you fix them? - ✔foreshortening and elongation; the x-ray tube should be repositioned more parallel or perpendicular to the x-ray film to adjust the angle that the beam hits the film You are in an exam room with a client talking about at-home dental care and the client proceeds to tell you that, to save money, he just uses his toothpaste when brushing his dog's teeth instead of buying veterinary toothpaste. What would you tell this client? -
Dental diets are nutritionally complete diets that can be fed to pets on a long-term basis. (T/F) - ✔True Explain the goal of home dental care. Can home dental care eliminate the buildup of calculus and the need for professional dental cleanings? - ✔The goal of home dental care is to slow down the rate of plaque and calculus accumulation on the teeth and lessen the need for frequent dental cleanings. You are in an exam room with a client and you recommend that they start feeding a dental diet to their dog. The client proceeds to tell you that he is not sure it is worth the extra money because his dog already eats dry dog food. Explain to this client how the dental diet works and why it is better than regular dry kibble. - ✔A dental diet is more effective than regular dry kibble as it is specifically designed to help reduce plaque buildup. The diet is made up of abrasives that scrape away plaque, larger kibbles that increase chewing and the abrasive aspect, and calcium chelators to help reduce calculus. When clients brush their pet's teeth at home, they should brush both the buccal side and the medial side of the teeth. (T/F) - ✔False; just the buccal side needs to be brushed chlorhexidine liquids and gels - ✔Very effective oral disinfectant; binds to tooth and mucosal surfaces; may cause dental staining barrier sealants - ✔Creates a hydrophobic surface on the teeth designed to prevent plaque attachment; no proof that it is effective in preventing gingivitis or periodontal disease polyphosphates (HMP) - ✔Used to coat some dental chews and treats; chelates salivary calcium; may or may not be effective zinc containing gels and oral rinses - ✔Can be effective in reducing plaque; advantageous over some other products because it is tasteless
