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Define DNS: “The Domain Name System (DNS) is the phonebook of the Internet. People get admission to information on-line by means of area names, as onlinenews.com.np or kaabar.com. Internet browsers have connection through Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. DNS makes an interpretation of space names to IP addresses so programs can stack Internet assets. Every framework connected to the Internet has a unique IP address which different machines use to find the gadget. DNS servers wipe out the need for individuals to remember IP tends to, for example, 192.168.1.1 (in IPv4), or progressively convoluted more up to date alphanumeric IP tends to, for example, 2402:cb00:2048:1::c629:d7a2 (in IPv6). Space distinguish gadget (DNS) is a various leveled naming machine based on an apportioned database. This gadget changes space names to IP locations and makes it attainable to dole out territory names to organizations of Internet sources and clients, paying little respect to the substances' physical area”. In simple terms, Domain Name System (DNS) is an assortment of databases that make an interpretation of hostnames to IP addresses.DNS is regularly referred to as the internet's cellphone book because it converts easy-to-remember hostnames like www.ismt.edu.np, to IP addresses like 216.58.217.46. This takes area at the back of the scenes after you kind an URL into a internet browser's address bar. Without DNS (and especially search engines like Google), navigating the web wouldn't be effortless seeing that we might have to enter the IP address of every website we choose to visit.[CITATION net \l 1033 ] Purpose of DNS The DNS (Domain Name System) is an exquisite technological know-how and all the net functions make use of it. Domain names serve as an ‘easy-to-remember’ identify for web sites and different offerings on the Internet. “However, computer systems get admission to Internet devices via their IP addresses. DNS translates domain names into IP addresses, allowing us to get right of entry to an Internet place with the aid of its area name. It is due to the fact of DNS we can go to a internet site by just typing the domain identify alternatively than the full IP address. It supports excessive performance, availability, and scalability thru the use of information hierarchies, statistics replication, and caching”.[CITATION www \l 1033 ] The main purpose of the DNS is to change the internet names into the form of IP address which main aim to provide easy access to the web.” It also provides the mapping between the symbolic name and the IP address worldwide. Their names are organized in the tree structures allowing delegation of a responsibility which means that if one server doesn’t know the binding then it goes up the hierarchy”. Umesh Sapkota (HND / Second Semester)
Types of DNS: DNS have various types but here I am going to describe some of the types which are useful for our projects and are very useful for all of the websites activities. Some of the types of DNS are explained below: DNS resolver: A recursive resolver (DNS recursor) is the firs spot in the DNS query. Its acts like a middle branch between the head office and branches like between the client and the nameserver. After receiving the DNS query from the web clients a recursive resolver will either respond with the cached data or sends the request to the root nameserver, which is followed by the another request to the TLD nameserver, and then last request to the authorized nemeserver. After receiving a response from the approved name server which include the requested IP address, the recursive resolver sends the reply to the clients. During these system the recursive resolver will cache the records received from the licensed nameserver. When the consumers request the IP address from the domain identify that was immediately requested by way of the some other clients, the resolver can ward off the system of speaking with the name servers, and just supply the client the requested report from its cache. Umesh Sapkota (HND / Second Semester)
the root name servers. Along with maintaining the root zone file ICAAN also maintain the root zone database and also manage the key sign key (KSK). KSK provides the security using the DNSSEC. ICCAN creates the security policy to the root zone management system through the advice provided by the two technical bodies root server system advisory committee (RSSAC) and security and stability committee (SSAC). The domain name system is structured in an hierarchal zones which are
- DNS root zone
- Top level domain name
- Second level domain
- Third level domain “The DNS root region is the pinnacle most zones with the domai9n identify device and has nameless. When observe the domain name setopati.com it is fairly apparent it consist of two degrees which is separated by way of the dots (.)Labels are restricted to sixty-three characters and the characters allowed in the label are from ASCII persona set. The essential importance of the label in phrases of the hierarchy moves from the right to the left. Each level in the area names describes as sub-domain of the label to the right. The amount of the sub-domain is confined to the one hundred and twenty seven. For the setopati.com the com label is the top level domain and setopati label is the 2d degree domains”. In theory, there is without a doubt no quit (127) to the quantity of domain identify sub domains, however most domain names do now not exceed the following: example.co.ss.co.com. The full domain identify is confined to two hundred and fifty-three characters. Step for managing DNS:
- First login to the cpanel account Umesh Sapkota (HND / Second Semester)
- After login to the account we will found the domain click there and further on zone editor.
- If we want to modify the domains then we can edit and modify with our requirements.
- If we want to add record then directly click on the add record button and we can do the following steps shown in the figure below: Umesh Sapkota (HND / Second Semester)
the web pages to the clients computer when the clients request using the web client application. The machine where these programs are run are called as a server, where both the name server and server almost used equally. Generally non technical person think about the web servera as a high-powerful computers while it is correct in some extent, as some high powerful computers is also known as web server but these computers are develop with the purpose of web hosting. In the context of the web hosting web server enables the hosting providers to handle multiple domains on a single server”. How web server works: A page on the display is viewed when the clients request from the browser to the web server and the web server respond to the page. A simple view of how the web server works is given below: It has very simple process which consists of 4 steps:
- Obtaining IP from the domain name: Our web browser firstly obtain the IP address of the domain names. For example www.google.com for this page the domain name is google.com for searching this website web server it can obtain IP address in two different ways: i. By searching into the cache files. ii. By requesting one or more DNS server.
- Browser request the full URL: After knowing the full IP address of the websites now the browser demands a full URL from the web servers.
- Web server respond to the requests: The web server respond to the websites by providing the desire page requested. And in the case of not finding the requested domain names or page does not exist it will provide the Umesh Sapkota (HND / Second Semester)
appropriate error message to the browsers. For example error 404 for not existing web pages, error 401 for incorrect credentials.
- Browser display the web page: When all the criteria are passed then only the browsers gets the web pages and display to the client computers. Otherwise it directly flow the error messages. When is web server required: Generally web server are used by the web hosting companies and professional web application developers. But actually any people who satisfied one of the below category can use web servers.
- Who wants a website or wants to make a local copies of their files and folders on the internet.
- Who wants to use server side technologies such as PHP can also use the web server Communication protocols: “Rules defining transmission are referred to as as conversation protocols. Communication protocols are formal descriptions of digital messages format and rules. They are required to transfer the message between the computing machine and the telecommunications. Communication protocols normally covers the error detection, authentication, correction and signaling. They are also capable to describe the syntax, semantics and synchronizations of the analog and digital communications. Communication protocols are basically applied in both hardware and software. There are extra than thousand conversation protocols which are used in all places in analog and digital communications. Computer networks cannot exist except the communication protocols. There are numerous properties of a transmission that a convention can characterize. Normal ones include: bundle size, transmission speed, blunder revision types, handshaking and synchronization strategies, address mapping, affirmation forms, stream control, parcel succession controls, directing, and address arranging”. Conventions incorporates document move convention (FTP), TCP/IP, client datagram conventions (UDP), hypertext move convention (HTTP), straightforward mail move convention (SMTP), and web message get to convention (IMAP).
- TCP/IP “It stands for transfer control protocols/internet protocols. TCP/IP model was developed by Department of defense in 1960. It works on transport layer of OSI model. Firstly TCP protocols breaks data in different packets in sender sides and the packet travel from router to Umesh Sapkota (HND / Second Semester)
more devices are communicated successfully they must follow some rules about the way they do which are known as protocols. "Protocols" which are set of rules that help in governing the way a particular technology will function for communication. In other words, it can be said that the protocols are digital languages implemented in the form of networking algorithms. There are different networks and network protocols, user's use while surfing”. “Here I am discussing about all the protocols and their works, transmission control protocol (TCP) is a famous conversation protocol which is used for speaking over a network. It divides any message into series of packets that are sent from source to vacation spot and there it gets reassembled at the destination. Internet protocol (IP) is designed explicitly as addressing protocol. It is by and large used with TCP. The IP addresses in packets help in routing them via different nodes in a community till it reaches the vacation spot system. TCP/IP is the most popular protocol connecting the networks. User Datagram Protocol UDP is a substitution discussion convention to Transmission Control Protocol actualized chiefly for creating misfortune enduring and low-inactivity connecting between unmistakable applications. Record Transfer Protocol (FTP) FTP grants clients to move archives starting with one machine then onto the next. Kinds of files may likewise comprise of use records, media records, literary substance documents, and reports, and so on. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) HTTP is intended for moving a hypertext among two or more prominent frameworks. HTML labels are utilized for developing connections. These hyperlinks might be in any structure like content or pictures. HTTP is structured on Client-server thoughts which empower a client framework for sorting out an association with the server workstation for making a solicitation. The server recognizes the solicitation started by method for the supporter and reacts as needs be. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) HTTPS is condensed as Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure is a mainstream convention to immune the verbal trade among two PCs one utilizing the program and distinctive getting data from web server”. HTTP is used for transferring data between the client browser (request) and the internet server (response) in the hypertext format, equal in case of HTTPS except that the transferring of statistics is completed in an encrypted format. So it can be said that https thwart hackers from interpretation or modification of records at some point of the switch of packets.[ CITATION TCP19 \l 1033 ] Types of server in web hosting: “An internet hosting server is a familiar phrases for the sorts of the servers which hosts or homes internet site and related facts functions and the services. It is remotely on hand internet server with Umesh Sapkota (HND / Second Semester)
the entire net server functionally and resources. A internet hosting server is also acknowledged as the net web hosting server. A internet hosting server is the key issue of a Web internet hosting service. It is most often built, delivered and managed by a hosting service provider and includes all components necessary for website operability. A complete hosting server is developed using the computing hardware, storage, operating system (OS), network connectivity and/or specialized Web hosting software”. Mainly there are four different host services, which are listed and explained below:
- Shared hosting servers: When we buy a shared hosting from a web hosting company they take our website files and folders, which they store, these files on computer where we get a shared computer memory with the number of other websites. Shared hosting is always the cheapest options. Shared hosting packages are offered by the hosting providers. Multiple websites, often thousand of the websites are host on a single server which is maintained by the hosting companies. Each user on a shared hosting gets an allotments of the servers total bandwidth, power and memory and another advantage is users can setup multiple sites under a single user account. Virtual private servers (VPS): “A virtual private server is an digital server that the customers perceives as a non-public and devoted server even via it is installed on the bodily computer systems running a couple of operating systems. A virtual personal server is also known as digital committed server. The idea of a digital non-public Umesh Sapkota (HND / Second Semester)
services. Because customers can scale as needed, they are charged only for the services they use and do no longer pay for any unused capacity”.
- Dedicated server: “A committed/dedicated server is a solitary PC in a whole systems held for serving the requirements of the systems. For models some system requires one PC to be put aside to deal with the correspondence between the every single other PC. A devoted server could likewise be a PC which deals with the printer assets. In the Web facilitating business, a devoted server is regularly a leased help. The client leases the server, programming and an Internet association from the Web have. Typically, a dedicated server is rented that provides a stated amount of memory, hard disk space, and bandwidth of data that can be delivered each month. Some host providers allow a client company to purchase and install its own computer server at the host provider's location, a service known as collocation”. Umesh Sapkota (HND / Second Semester)
OS types in webhosting servers: There are two types of operating system used for web servers, windows operating system and linux/unix. The difference between Linux and Unix clones are not anything we need to worry about. But there are major difference between the windows and linux/unix servers. Not only in the availability of the technologies but also in the prices, performance and the security. Windows server: On the off chance that we utilize the official ASP .net locales, MS SQL or access database we have to require windows facilitating in light of the fact that those advances are not accessible on different stages. The help and execution for customary ASP is better on windows and ColdFusion facilitating is generally basic on web servers, even though ColdFusion runs similarly as decent on Linux. Then again windows servers are progressively presented to the infections and programmer assaults. Windows facilitating is increasingly costly and a windows server is will in general crash more frequently. In spite of the fact that windows additionally take more server assets than Linux, coming about on a couple facilitating accounts on every server and more significant expenses. Linux server: With Linux, we get a secure server platform with the surprisingly safety and no violent viruses. Linux is free and it does not take as a good deal server sources as like windows so Linux is more cost-effective then windows. “The most frequent database for the Linux is My SQL which is also open source and its working precept is great. And with the high-quality determination of free online resources, Linux internet hosting is the pleasant choice for most self-taught webmasters and agencies too. Even though ASP is supported on the Linux platform, it is stated to be less secure than on Windows servers. The conclusion is that Linux internet hosting probable is your satisfactory choice if you do now not want any technologies which are solely supported (or have better support) on Windows servers”. Web server and its types: A web server is a program which uses hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) to serve the files from the webpages to the users, in response to the clients request which is forwarded by their computer HTTP clients. Web server program is an example of client/server model. All the computer which hosts web sites must have web server programs. In the current scenario leading web server includes apache Umesh Sapkota (HND / Second Semester)
system is that can utilize the different OS situations”. The distinctive OS can keep running in a solitary framework and it will have the option to make virtual plates regularly known as virtual hard circles. Additionally, the information won't crash since they are put away essentially. The major benefits of using the host operating systems are we can use the multiple operating systems in the same computers. It also creates the virtual hard disks which is one of the benefits of the host OS. Relationship between the communication protocols, server hardware, operating systems and web server software with regards to designing, publishing and accessing a website. SEO (search engine optimization): SEO stands for search engine optimizations which are used in practice for increasing the quantity and quality of the websites through the organic search engine results. In other words it is the process of getting the traffic from the free, organic, editorial and natural search result in the search engines. “Imagine for a one librarian, not for the one book in library. The library has books from all around the world. All the users /people depend to the librarian to have a book for them, everyday to find the exact books they needed. How does librarian do for it? To this all is need about the software/system; librarian needs to know about all the books and their relations. The system needs to have lots of information and need to provide the best answer to the users. It is not an easy job”. Umesh Sapkota (HND / Second Semester)
Search engine likes Google and Bing are the library to the internet, their system collects all the information about the every pages on the web, so they can help people to find the exact answer what they are looking for. And every search engine has secret recipes called as algorithm to provide it to the secret results. Now if you on a website, search result matters, when your pages have higher ranking on the internet, they help more people to find you on the internet. The key to the higher ranking is to making sure that your website has the ingredients. Search engine needs their algorithm which is also called as SEO. “Search engine collects all the word on the web. For an example someone search for shoes repair, the search engine have narrow results that have only the words about the shoes repair. A second title matter each pages on a web has special titles. Search engine plays a lot of attentions to the title to summarize the pages like a title of the books. Links between the website matters, when one webpage links to another pages, is usually a recommended which tells us that this website has good information. A webpage with a lot of link coming to it can look good to search engine but some people try to full search engine by creating all the other links all over the webpage to point their website”. “And finally the words used in the links matter too. If our webpage says Amazon have lots of books. The word book is linked to the Amazon. Search engine can establish the Amazon.com to the word books. In this way, when someone search for the book, which the Amazon site will rank well. Lastly search engine cares about the reputation. Site with a consistent record of fresh engaging content and growing numbers of the quality links, may be considering the rising stars and do well in search rankings, these are just the basic and recipes are refined and changes all the time. Good SEO is about making sure about your website has great content that’s supported by the ingredients that search engine need for the recipes”. Search engine “Search engine is the service that allows the internet users to search the content through the World Wide Web (www). When users enter the search keywords or search paraphrase into a search engine, users receives various lists of the web results in the form of the web sites, image, videos, and other useful data. Search engines are programs that search documents for specified keywords and returns a list of the documents where the keywords were found. A search engine is really a general class of programs; however, the term is often used to specifically describe systems like Google, Bing and Yahoo! Search that enable users to search for documents on the World Wide Web”. Umesh Sapkota (HND / Second Semester)
Bringing a concept to life with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript Production and maintenance of websites and web application user interfaces Creating tools that enhance interaction with the site in any browser Implementing design for mobile sites Maintaining software workflow management Looking at SEO best practices Testing the site for usability and fixing any bugs Back end development “It refers to the server side developments where we primarily focused on the how the sites really work. Making updates, changing the information and monitoring the sites are the main works in the back end development. Back end developments usually consist of three parts basically server, application and the databases. The codes written in the backend development helps to communicate the database information to the web browser. There are many capabilities of back-end website technologies. Back-end always keep working to maintain the server side of the web development such as they will work to connect the front end with the various database, such as if some user want to book the ticket from the websites, they this back-end helps to keep the record of all those users and make them as the witness of the user”. Basically the back end developers have various responsibilities like: Scripting languages like Node.js, PHP, Python, Ruby or Perl Automated Testing frameworks for the language being used Data transformation Application data access Security concerns, authentication and authorization Types of language used in both frontend and backend development: Relationship between Front-End development and Back-End Websites technologies: “Many back end developers recognize the front end languages such as HTML and CSS however need to use languages such as Java, PHP, Ruby on Rails, Python, and .Net to get the back give up job done. Two Back give up builders are most focused on a site’s responsiveness and speed. These languages are used to create dynamic websites which are distinct from static websites in that these Umesh Sapkota (HND / Second Semester)
types of web sites shop database information. Content on the website online is consistently altering and updating. Examples of dynamic web websites consist of Facebook, Twitter, and Google Maps”. “Front cease languages encompass HTML, CSS, and Javascript. While JQuery is going out of fashion (modern browsers can now do the equal work, but a entire lot greater shortly than jQuery), many legacy initiatives nevertheless use JavaScript library, so do not be amazed to see it on a bootcamp's curriculum. You’ll moreover find out about heaps about responsive graph alongside with typography, layouts, grid system, and coloration theory. When watching for sorts of tasks you’ll work on as a the front end developer, assume developing and redesigning websites. In order to be a the front give up developer (sometimes even referred to as a Javascript developer) you do no longer want back cease enchancment skills. Sites created by capability of the front cease builders won’t have interaction with facts saved on a database in order to be functional. The content material material will be “fixed,” that potential that large portions of new records will no longer be always uploaded. Small business owners and consuming places typically have super examples of static sites”. Front-end web development, also recognized as client-side improvement is the practice of producing HTML, CSS and JavaScript for a website or Web Application so that a consumer can see and engage with them directly. The undertaking associated with the front give up development is that the tools and techniques used to create the the front end of a website change constantly and so the developer wishes to continuously be aware of how the field is developing. It usually work on the front desk of the web sites designing such as it will make the pages or web sites which is seen to the customer or the man or woman who desire to see the sites, they use the various languages such as HTML, CSS for the improvement of the Front-End. In every other aspect Back-end improvement commonly refers to the server facet of an utility and the whole thing that communicates between the database and the browser. “The back-end developers use utility and database to shop the records supplied by the front-end developers. There are many competencies of back-end website technologies. Back-end continually maintain working to hold the server aspect of the net development such as they will work to connect the the front end with the a number database, such as if some person desire to e book the ticket from the websites, they this back-end helps to maintain the file of all these users and make them as the witness of the user. So they have the mutual relationship between them front-end is nothing if there is no back-end and back-end is nothing if there is nothing. The relationship between the front-end applied sciences and back-end applied sciences is genuinely close. If any individual needs to increase suitable product then both front-end and back-end be considered. The frontend developer ought to work Umesh Sapkota (HND / Second Semester)
