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DTS ST5102 Final Exam Study Guide
Adoptionism - correct answer ✔✔-denies personal distinctiveness of son & HS from Father -son completely submissive to father -father just adopted the son -only at resurrection is Jesus considered Lord Arianism - correct answer ✔✔-Jesus was first created being -Jesus is a god -Jesus = homoiousia’s -JW, Mor Chalcedonian Creed (Definitio Fidei)/Council (451) - correct answer ✔✔-clarified Jesus has same divine nature as God, same human nature (w/o sin) as rest of us -hypostatic union Communicable Attributes - correct answer ✔✔Aspects of God's character that he shares or "communicates" with us. Incommunicable Attributes - correct answer ✔✔Aspects of God's character that God does not share with us. Divinization, Theosis - correct answer ✔✔-affirms believers are to "participate in the divine nature" (2Pe 1:4), infused by the divine presence, hence becoming godly, godlike, gods and God by grace. -"Christian deification" to the penetration of the divine energies, -distinguishing between the absolute Trinitarian persons and the divine nature that infuses the believer. Docetism - correct answer ✔✔-Gnostic
- Jesus = divine emanation but not truly human. -Matter is intrinsically evil. -When Jesus walked on the sand he left no footprints -New Age, some Spiritism Ebionism - correct answer ✔✔-2C Jewish sect -Jesus = prophet, not God
- Islam, universalism eternal generation of the Son - correct answer ✔✔- eternal generation of the Son from the Father, as an expression of Ps 2:7 ("today I have begotten thee") Gk. monogenes (trad. "only begotten"; lit. "one and only"). Some question the exegetical bases of eternal generation; others see it as broadly expressing the ontological relations of the Son and the Father. Eternal Procession of the Spirit - correct answer ✔✔(Gk. ekporeuomai, Jn 15:26; Lat. processio, "to emanate from another") In Trinitarian theology, as the Son is eternally generated from the Father, so the Holy Spirit eternally comes forth (proceeds) from the Father—"and [in Western theology] the Son" (Lat. filioque). Eutychianism - correct answer ✔✔- each nature of Christ absorbed the characteristics of the other: the human became divine and the divine human. Filioque - correct answer ✔✔The Latin word meaning "and from the Son" added by the West to the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed at the Council of Toledo (589) to express the double procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father and from the Son. homoousios vs. homoiousios - correct answer ✔✔Homoousios: of the same substance Homoiousios: of similar substance homoousios - correct answer ✔✔Greek word meaning "of one and the same substance or being" as contrasted to homoiousios ("of a similar substance or being") as applied to the Son's divine nature in relation to that of the Father.
Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed of 381 AD - correct answer ✔✔The first major church council clarified that JESUS CHRIST IS EQUAL AND CONSUBSTANTIAL WITH GOD THE FATHER AND (AT CONSTANTINOPLE IN 381) WITH THE HOLY SPIRIT. THE ONE GOD ETERNALLY EXISTS AS THREE PERSONS (HYPOSTASES) OF ONE (OR THE SAME) ESSENCE (HOMOOUSIOS). Perichoresis - correct answer ✔✔A doctrine evident in the Cappadocians and developed by John of Damascus, that each member of the Godhead indwells or interpenetrates the other without confusion of personal distinction (Jn 14:911; 17:21). Theology Proper - correct answer ✔✔Doctrine of God YHWH - correct answer ✔✔The Tetragrammaton. "I AM," "He Is," "LORD." Most scholars hold that Heb. root is hwh, havah, "to be, become." Later designated hashem, "the Name." Translated Kurios (as is Adonai) in LXX/NT; English "LORD" or KJV Jehovah (YHWH + vowels of Adonai, with "e" substitute). God's personal name, the self-existent, ever-active One, esp. in covenant relationship with Israel. Irenaeus (c. 130-c. 200) - correct answer ✔✔-Bishop of Lyon -dispute with the Gnostics (who denied Christ's humanity) -emphasized traditional Christian elements like the Church, Baptism, and Scripture -defended all three members, divine and eternal yet distinct. -Mary = New Eve -Jesus = Last Adam -father of Christian theology. Tertullian (c. 155-c. 220) - correct answer ✔✔-Most famous work: Against Praxeas; against Modalism and Patripassionism (the view that the Father suffered on the Cross). -"one substance in three persons"; "God from God, Light from Light"; "the Father is God, the Son is God and the Holy Spirit is God, and each is God" (Adv. Praxean 12). Yet he taught that the -Son/Logos came forth from God -Father was not always the Father. He argued strongly
-against *Marcion and Gnosticism; at the same time, he is Montanism's most famous convert. Origen (c. 185-254) - correct answer ✔✔- threefold hermeneutic (literal, moral, allegorical/mystical)
- eternal pre-existence of the Son
- Son as one reflective of, but less than, the Father Athanasius (c.295-373) - correct answer ✔✔- wrote: On the Incarnation
- against Arianism, articulates the equality of the Son with the Father. -participated at the Council of Nicaea (325)
- Bishop of Alexandria (328).
- hypostasis (as "person") and ousia ("substance"),
- increased understanding between the Eastern and Western fathers.
- attributed the first full listing of the NT canon Cappadocians - correct answer ✔✔- early church theologians
- added spirit to Constantinopolitan Creed.
- Gregory of Nysa, Gregory Nazianzus, Basil of Caesaria. Gregory of Nazianzus (c. 330-390) - correct answer ✔✔- bishop of Constantinople -reconcile strict monotheism w the three "persons"
- coined "perichores" - Christ's two natures Gregory of Nyssa (c. 331-c. 395) - correct answer ✔✔- eternal generation of the Son and eternal procession of the Spirit -Christ: two natures in one person -Mary = theotokos. Augustine of Hippo (354-430) - correct answer ✔✔-socio-psychological tripartite analogies
Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768-1834) - correct answer ✔✔-Essenes of Christian faith as the gefühl, feeling of filial dependency upon God
- "The Divine Trinity" = church's experience God as Father, Brother, and Spirit -shortcoming: God's divinity Adolf von Harnack - correct answer ✔✔-paternity of the Father
- brotherhood of man w Jesus -Jesus = little more than a worthy preacher. Karl Barth (1886-1968) - correct answer ✔✔-Wrote Church Dogmatics (4 vols., 1936). He reaffirmed strongly the
- focus = deity of Christ
- three "modes of being" not persons -weak HS doctrine
- social Trinitarian perspective as instructive for human relations. Rudolf Bultmann (1884-1976) - correct answer ✔✔-denied the deity of Christ and Trinity.
- Whether a person's encounter with God in Christ was in fact an experience of God or whether it was ultimately only an existential crisis of self-authentification is unclear. Karl Rahner (1904-1984) - correct answer ✔✔-Wrote the Trinity (1967). -A rule with his name declares that "The Trinity of the economy of salvation is the immanent Trinity and vice-versa." —> Can the immanent Trinity be reduced to the economic? -Greek social model + Roman Catholic Jurgen Moltmann (1926-) - correct answer ✔✔-Wrote: The Crucified God (1975), The Trinity and the Kingdom (1980) -Started the Trin renaissance of Trinitarian -Focus: Eastern, perichoretic, egalitarian, social.
Did the early church fathers believe in the Trinity? Explain. - correct answer ✔✔The New Testament and early church *affirmed the deity of the Father, Son, and Spirit, but through later confrontations with detractors and heretics, church leaders further clarified their Trinitarian theology, using more nuanced and technical language to describe what the church had *always believed and taught
- their beliefs are found in their writings. Tertullian (d.225) was the first to formulate the doctrine of Trinity: Three persons and one essence. Origen first suggested an "eternal generation of the Son."
- their beliefs are found in the Nicaea-Constantinople Creed (Jesus is God, he is the same essence with God the Father) and Chalcedon Creed (The one person of Jesus Christ exists with two natures without confusion, without change, without division, without separation) Trace the development of Trinitarianism to the Council of Nicaea (325). What did Nicaea make clear? - correct answer ✔✔1) Jesus as God, though nuanced
- many false teachings (Ebionism, Docetism, Montanism) rejected by the main flow of early Christians.
- The Apologists (120-220) (Justin Martyr, Athenagorus, Theophilus, Irenaues) defended the Christians faith to the pagan world.
- monarchian: adoptionism & modalism
- Tertullian (160-225): 3 P, 1 essence Origen (185-254): eternal son generation
- The objective hermeneutic and clarified biblical canon (Athanasius)
- Arianism (260-336) (homoiousios)
- Nicea (325). The word homoousios
Response: A missing article in greek does not automatically mean an indefinite article. Theos occurs 8 times in John 1, but only two of them include the article (1:1-
- yet all denote God. There are many references to God without an article, for exempt John 1:6 "There came a man sent from a God who name was John.
- JW translated John 17:3 as "You are the only true God" Response: Two verses later, Jesus said He had the same glory with the Father before the world began (John 17:5). In the beginning (John 1:1) and end of John, John purposely declared Jesus is equal with God. "my Lord and my God" (John 29:28) What does Oneness Pentecostalism (Jesus Only) teach about the Trinity? How would you show them their error from Scripture? Two primary arguments. - correct answer ✔✔God is one person: Jesus, who then manifests as Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Two defenses of Trinity from scriptures
- The scripture presents two and sometimes all three persons of the Trinity working at once. The incarnation, baptism, resurrection, and ascension of Jesus are each compelling examples.
- Jesus prayed to God the Father, if Jesus and the Father are not distinct, there is no needs of prayers. Chart the basic differences regarding Who is God? and what is human? between the Christian God, the Allah of Islam, the Brahman of Advaita Hinduism, and atheism. - correct answer ✔✔Christian's beliefs: God is the Trinity. The human was created by God but sinned against God. God the Son incarnated to save humans. Muslim's beliefs: Reject Trinity, God is one only being. Allah reveals his eternal essence to no one. Allah stands independent and above any fellowship with his creation - not even in paradise. The Quran never asks humans to love God or to love one's neighbors as ourselves. God gives no promise and entered into no covenant with humanity. Hindus beliefs: All is God. A person is a divine being. The purpose of life is to become aware of one's divine nature. Self-Realization leads to spiritual power. As a
human god, one becomes master and creator of his own reality. Humanity is to serve God as Creator but never to directly enter His presence. Buddhist's beliefs: There is no god. The human's quest is to eliminate the desire to avoid suffering by the eightfold path. The ultimate reality is nothingness. Atheist's beliefs: There is no God, human existence is by chance. According to the prof, what is a "person" both human and divine? Name 4 of 5 aspects. - correct answer ✔✔1) Nature, substance reality.
- Self-consciousness.
- I-thou relationally.
- Mutual indwelling.
- self-giving. Is God selfish? - correct answer ✔✔-Godhead freely gives of himself to the other persons -delighting in glorifying the other. -God is love. -God's self-giving is revealed in creation and redemption. Do you see implications of the Trinity in marriage and family? If so, how? - correct answer ✔✔The scripture instruct the husband to love their wife and the wife should submit to their husband. It is a reflection of Christ relationship to His redeemed people, the church. The submission of God the Son to God to Father in the economic Trinity relationship does not mean God the Son is less of a God than God the Father. In the same way, the submission of the wife to her husband does not mean woman is less of a human than man. The correlation of gender with Trinity however is thin (1 Cor 11:3). Historic Christian traditions (male priesthood) do not relate them. Other texts regarding marital order are primary. Do you see implications of the Trinity for the church? If so, how? - correct answer ✔✔1) self giving & love = others (in & out of church) missional
