Prepare for your exams
Get points
Guidelines and tips
Sell on Docsity
Docsity AI

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Guidelines and tips

Sell on Docsity

Docsity AI

Log in Sign up

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Find documents

Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity

Search for your university

Find the specific documents for your university's exams

Docsity AINEW

Summarize your documents, ask them questions, convert them into quizzes and concept maps

Explore questions

Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Share documents

20 Points

For each uploaded document

Answer questions

5 Points

For each given answer (max 1 per day)

All the ways to get free points

Get points immediately

Choose a premium plan with all the points you need

Study Opportunities

Choose your next study program

Get in touch with the best universities in the world. Search through thousands of universities and official partners

Community

Ask the community

Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts

Free resources

Our save-the-student-ebooks!

Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors

ecotoxicology lecture summarized note, Study notes of Biology

Biology

ecotoxicology lecture summarized note

Typology: Study notes

2018/2019

Uploaded on 04/24/2023

unknown user 🇰🇷

1 document

1 / 27

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

Major class of pollutants

inorganic ions

Metals

anions

organometallic compounds; organomercury compounds, organotin compounds

Organic pollutants

hydrocarbons

PCB, PCDD, PCDF, PBB, organochlorine insecticides, OPs

Partial preview of the text

Download ecotoxicology lecture summarized note and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

Major class of pollutants inorganic ions Metals anions organometallic compounds; organomercury compounds, organotin compounds Organic pollutants hydrocarbons PCB, PCDD, PCDF, PBB, organochlorine insecticides, OPs

Agent orange used by US military. Powerful herbicide. contaminated with TCDD, belongs to family of dioxins. one million people were disabled to agent orange. increase in the rate of birth defects enormous environmental damage Minamata disease symptom. Ataxia, numbness in hands and feet. Muscle weakness, narrowing of the vision, damage to hearing and speech. Congenital form of the disease neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning. bioaccumulated in shellfish and fish in Minamata bay. Resulted in mercury poisoning. chisso company dumped mercury compounds into Minamata bay Glyphosate most widely used herbicide in the US. Glyphosate was detected in urine. Recent domestic pollution cases 독독 독독독. 가 독독 독독독 독독독 독독 Chemical Abstracts Service, CAS 194,000,000 chemical substances 독독독독 독독. Some populations of aquatic mammals and birds are highly exposed to dioxins and related chemicals. Exposure to these chemicals produces a wide range of species-specific toxic and biological effects in wild Mass mortality of aquatic mammals; considered immunosuppression by high accumulation of environmental contaminants Environmental pollution problem long time, complex, urgent, all organisms. ET refers to the scientific study of the potential effects upon organisms of anthropogenic compounds released into the nature.

Evidence of impacts from DDT in pelican, cormorant, stork, and egret eggs from KwaZulu-Natal, south Africa 독독독독독 독독독독 insecticide  독독독 독독 in south Africa pelican egg had the highest DDT concentration pp’-DDE, pp’-DDD 독독독 eggshell thickness 독독 독독독독 독독 Environmental exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and potential contribution to eggshell thinning in birds. NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) cause eggshell thinning. cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition, similarly to DDT. Wild birds 독독 observed. 독독 독독 -> 독독 -> 독독 독독 -> birds 독독 ER 독독 Ca2+ effulx 가 독 독독독독 독독독. Historic need for ecotoxicology; accelerated a paradigm shift dilution paradigm: the solution to pollution is dilution. (dilution 독독독 독독독 독독 독독, 독독 독독, 독독독독 독독독 독독.  boomerang paradigm : 독 가 독독독 독독독 독독 독독독. chemical 독 dilution paradigm 독독독 독독독독 독독독. Bio accumulation 독 독독독독. Rachel carson’s silent spring was widely credited with helping to launch the environmental movement. 독독독독 pesticides 독 독독 독독독 독독 독독독 독독 독독. DDT 가독독독 독독독독 독독독 독독 독독독 가독 독독 가 독독독.

3 historic need 3 NSAID can cause eggshell thinning in birds. cyclooxygenase inhibition, similarly to DDT NSSAID production and emissions into aquatic environment 독독 독독 독독독 독독 독독독독 독독. 가 독 독 독독독 독독 독독, 독독 독독독 독독. Used in both human and veterinary. ibuprofen, naproxen, and carprofen ; propionic acids COX-2 inhibitors oxicams, acetic acids poorly degraded by wastewater treatment plants, continuously flow into water bodies in most areas of the world. Environmental and wildlife exposure to NSAIDs 독독독독 독독독 독독 독독독독 독독독독 독독독독. 독독독독 독독 scavanger 독독 가독 독 독독독 독독독accumulation. The process of eggshell formation eggshell 독 독독독 calcite 독 독독 inorganic mineral 독 독독독독 독독. unshelled egg enters the shell gland, prostaglandin E2 level increase. PGE2 infulx -> 독독독독 Ca2+독 HCO3- -> calcite 독독. calcite 가 egg shell 독 독독독. Mechanism of action for chemically induced eggshell thinning ; cyclooxygenase- prostaglandin pathway. COX2 catalyze conversion of the fatty acid into prostaglandin G2 (PGG2) -> PGH2 -> PGE2and PGF2 binding to GPCR prostaglandin F Rc EP3 Rc ; PIP3  IP3 +DAG , through PLC IP3 가 ER 독 ITPR 독 binding  Ca 2+ efflux Pathways affected by NSAIDs DDE and NSAIDs mechanisms are similar. DDT exposure in bird inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by COX.  reduction of Ca2+  eggshell thinning. 독독독독 독독 other chemicals  eggshell thinning Using the US EPA’s comptox chemicals dashboard, we show that NSAIDs are predicted to strongly inhibit COX. US EPA integrates diverse types of relevant domain data. physiochemical, environmental fate and transport, exposure, usage, in vivo toxicity, and in vitro bioassay data, surfaced through an integration hub CompTox chemicals dashboard.

technological goal ; to develop and then apply tools and methods to acquire a better understanding of contaminants fate and effects in the biosphere. practical goal ; the application of available scientific knowledge and technologies to document or solve specific problems

Major class inorganic ions metals anions organometallic compounds organic pollutants hydrocarbons, PCB, PCDD, PCD, PCDF, PBB, Definition of metals high reflectivity high electrical conductivity, decreasing with increasing temperature, 독독독독독 high thermal conductivity 독독독독 mechanical properties such as strength and ductility. Metals they are natural substances mining 독 smelting 독독 독독 pollutant 독 독독 anthropogenic enrichment factor (AEF) : the extent to which human activity contributes to global cycles of metal can be described by AEF 독독독 독독독독 독독 pollutant 가 독독. Sources for metal emission emissions to the atmosphere; fossil fuel, incineration of garbage, metal smelting emission into water; mining, atmospheric deposition emission to soil ; pesticides indirect mobilization of metals; acid rain Heavy metals metals or metalloids must have a density relative to water of greater than five aluminum; relative density only 1.5 but important pollutant Determinants of metal toxicity physical state, atomic properties, reactivity, biological phenomena Toxicity of metals in ET elemental density 독독 독독독독 독독. bonding tendencies; 독독 substances 독 interaction 독독독. Chemical 독독 독독독독 ligand 가 독독독. bonding tendencies 독 독독 other chemical 독 interaction predict 독 독 독독. cell 독 substances 독 독독독독 독독 독독독독독 독독독 독 독독. HSAB theory 독 독독 soft acids prefer to combine with a soft base, and similarly, hard acids prefer a hard base. bonding tendency Toxicity of metals heavy metals disrupt cellular events including growth, proliferation, differentiation, damage-repairing processes, and apoptosis

Mercury : dental amalgams 독독 독독. Neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption lead: batteries. Immunotoxicity. Neurotoxicity cadmium: batteries. Immunotoxicity. Endocrine disruption Lead most commonly used metals environmental lead is primarily a result of human activity. -> toxic substance 독독독독 lead : 독독 (독독 가독 )독독독 독독. 독독독 독독독독 독독 lead 독 가 Lead poisoning can occur by ingesting water, food, objects, or soil that is contaminated by lead. common sources of lead include chipped or peeling paint in older houses, water from lead pipes, and soil near highways, factories, or airports. lead poisoning occurs when lead builds up in the body over months or years Lead – children lead containing paint is a primary source of lead exposure in children children can absorb 42% of ingested lead, 독독독독 absorb 독독 독독 독독. 독독독 독독 독독독 독 독독. 독독독 paint -> soil contamination -> child 가 soil 독독독 -> Pb exposure up Anthropogenic US lead emissions by source 독독독독 lead emission 독 독독독독 nonroad engines 독 독독 lead emissions unchanged. Flint water crisis high levels of lead in the tap water of some flint homes 독독독 독독독 독독독 독독독. More acidic pipe 독 독독독 lead + corrosion control 독독 독독독 독 pb 독독 Lead – pathophysiology the main body compartments that store lead are the blood, soft tissues, and bone lead and other heavy metals create reactive radicals(ROS) which damage cell structure including DNA and cell membranes harmful to the developing immune system, risk of asthma. binds to sulfhydryl groups found on many enzymes  protein inhibition organic lead  skin 독 독독 absorbed generation of free radicals  oxidative stress Heme metabolism. Known and suspected interactions by lead are indicated the first measurable effects of lead are in the bloodstream, where the activities of heme- biosynthetic enzymes ALAD are inhibited. ALA activity in erythrocytes has been used as an index of lead exposure and risk lead causes accumulation of ALA and coproporphyrins, both increase in serum/plasma and excreted into urine.

독독독독 독 binding -> 독독독 독독 독독독독 독독 lead interferes with the release of nt. Blocking NMDA receptors Lead poisoning wildlife caused by ingestion of lead shot 독독독 독 독독독 독독독 lead 가 독독. waterfowl are exposed to high lead concentrations through the ingestion of spent lead gunshot. golden eagles and white tailed eagles. scavanger 독독 독독독 독독독 독독독 독독독독 lead poisoning lead bullet 독 독 독독 독독독 독독 독독독독. Effects of lead exposure on sperm quality and reproductive success in an avian sublethal effects Pb exposure has on the breeding performance three pellets reduced the hatching rate of females and decreased the acrosome integrity and sperm motility of males.

Northern fur seal 독 black-footed albatross 독독 HgSe 독독, 독 element 가 독독독 독독독 독독독독. 독 Hg 독 독독독 독독 disease 독 독독독독 독독독? detoxification mechanism of elements in the liver cells of marine mammals and birds demethylation 독독 (liver 독독)  elemental 독독독 독독 Hg 독 Se 독독독독 독 thiol 독독 독독독독 high molecular weight 독 가독 protein 독 독독독독. metal binding protein 독 독독독독 metallothionein 독 독독독 독독 독독. lysosome 독독독 독독독독 degradation 독독. 독독독 독독 HgSe 독독독 mineralization 독독 no toxic impact 독독 독독독독 demethylation 독 독독독 독 독독. Methyl mercury 독 독독독 독독독독 mercury 독 독독 독독독독. No disease

Metalloid Both arsenic and selenium form oxyanions. pohosphates 독 독독독 독독독독. Involved in essential biochemical processes and molecules contributes to arsenate’s poisonous tendencies. form compounds with toxic metals. Distribution of As crust, soil, water(seawater, hot spring), air, wild animal(marine animal, lower trophic animal), human Usage wood preservative, pesticide, herbicide, medicine, glass, semiconductor material, poison, toxic gas Toxicity of As As 독 phosphate 독 독독독독 독독독독. 독독독독 독독독독, 독독독. 독독독 독독독독 독독독 독 독독. 독독독독 독독독독 독독, 독독 Toxicity of inorganic As 독독 chemical form 독독독 독독 독독독 독독독독. inorganic form ; arsenite, arsenate 독독독독독 독독 독독독 독독독 pesticide 독 As 가 독독독독 독독. 독독독독 독독독. Toxicity of organic arsenic organic form 독 arsenic 독 독독독 독 독독. arsenobetaine, arsenosugar. Toxicity of organic arsenic arsenobetaine(AsB) is an organoarsenical species that does not exhibit toxic effects in humans or animals. 독독 독독독 독독 독독독 독독독. 독독독 독독독독 독독독. Arseonobetaine, organic form 독 toxicity 가 독독 독독독 독독독독 독독독독 독독독독 독독. 독독 독독독 arsenobetaine 독독독독 독독. 독독독독 독독독 bio accumulation 독 독독 독독독독 독독독 lower trophic animal 독독 독 독독 독독 독독. 독독 독독독독 독독 form 독 독독 독독 독독독 독독독. 독독독 독독 arsenic 독독 독독독독독 독독. 독독독 독독 독독독독독 독 독독 arsenic 독 독독독독 독독. 독 독독 독독독 arsenic exposure 독독 가 독 가독 독독 독독독독 독 독독 독독독독-> arsenic 독독 독독 독가.

Oil spill 독 독독 독독독독 oil 독 독독독독독 독독독, 독독독 accumulation 독독 독독. reproductive activity / gross biochemical composition 독 degradation 독독 독독독. Physical chemistry and biological changes of oil 독독독 독독독 독독. 독독독독독 emulsion. Sediment 독 독독독

8 organic pollutants Highly detected PAHs in marine fish contaminated with heavy oil 독독독독독독 POPs chemical 독 독독. 독독 독독독독 독독독 독독독독독 독독독 독독 독독. PCBs ; 독독독독 독독. Lubricants, heat conductors in electrical transformers, plasticizers, printing 독 독독. 독독독 독독 독독독 독독독. Organochlorine compounds(OCs) industrial chemical. 독독 congener 독독독 독독 독독독 독독독독. organochlorine pesticides. agricultural purposes(insecticide, herbicide, fungicide) POPs wide spectrum: affecting non-target organisms persistence(hydrophobic and lipophilic) : resulting in bioaccumulation (POPs are concentrated in living organisms through another process called bioaccumulation) 독독독독 독독. transportability :causing global pollution 독독독독독 독독독 독독 독 독독. toxicity : causing adverse effects DDT, DDE 독독독독독독 human milk 독 독독독 독독독독. 독독독 독독독 독독. killer whale, dophin 독 PCB level 독 독독 독독독독 독독. Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants 12 가독 독pops chemical 독 독독 독독독독독. Pesticieds ; DDT, chlordanes, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, toxaphene industrial chemicals ; PCBs unintentionally produced chemicals ; PCDDs, PCDFs Annex 독 독독독독 독독 독독 독독독 독독. 독독 독독독독 chemical 독 독독독독독 독가. 독독독독독 독독독독 독독.

Toxic equivalency factor(TEF) dioxin 독 독독 독독독가. 독독독 congener 독독 독독독 독독독 독독독독. 독독독독 독독독 dioxin 독 독독 독독독 독 가독 독 독독. 2,3,7,8-TCDD 독 toxicity 독 1 독독 독독 독 독독 dioxin congener 독독 독독독 독 가독 독. mammal 독독 독독독독 TEF 독 독독 Calculation of the relative effect potency(REP) ED50, LD50, EC50, binding affinity, dissociation constant 독독독독독 독독. 독 congener 독독 REP 독독 독독독독 독독독독 독독독독 TEF 독 독독독 독 독독. TEF 가독독독독 독독 독독 show a structural relationship to the PCDDs and PCDFs bind to the AhR. POPs chemical 독 독독독 가독 독 독독독 독독. 독독독독 binding 독독독. elicit AhR-mediated biochemical and toxic responses; be persistent and accumulation in the food chain. transportability 독독독독 가독 독독독. mechanisms of dioxin action: the Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) dioxins cause toxicity through activation of the AhR-dependent signal pathway. dioxin 독 AHR 독 binding -> receptor 독 독독독독 -> 독 독독독 Arnt 독 heterodimer 독독 -> 독독 독독독독 promoter 독 독독독독 dioxin responsive element 독 독독 -> downstream 독 expression CYP1A/1B 독독독독독독독 독독독 expression CYP1A/1B dioxin 독 가독 독독독 독독독독 독독독독 독독독독독독독 hydrophobic 독독 독독독 독독독독 독독 독 가독 독독독. 독독독독 circulation, accumulation. Lipophilic tissue 독 accumulation. POPs chemical 독 독독 독독독독 독독 가 가독 독독. AHR knockout mutant 독 dioxin 독 독독독독독독 dioxin 독 독독독독독 독 독독독 biological response 가독독독독 독독독. TCDD 독 독독독독 독독독독 thymus 가 독독독 독독독독. 독독독 knockout mouse 독독독 thymus 독 weight 가독독 독독독 독독. TCDD 독 독독독 독독독독 독독독 독독 AHR Dioxin sensitivity 독 독독 독독 독독독. Toxic Equivalents(TEQs) toxicity-weighted masses of mixtures of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs. dioxin 독 toxicity 독 독독 가 TEQ 독독. 독 Conger 독 TEF 독독독 congener 독 독독독 독독 가독 독 독독독TEQ 독 독독독독. Aquatic mammal 독독 immunosuppression 독독 독독 mass mortality 가 독독독. dioxin 독독 독독 독독독독 독독 -> virus 독독 -> mass mortality. 독독독 독독독독 독독독독 dioxin accumulation 독독 독독.

Baltic sea 독 atlantic ocean 독독 독독독 PCB 독 독독독 독독독독 cub 독독 독독 독독독독독 dioxin accumulation 독독 가 독독 독독독 독독독PCB 독 독독 가독독 독독독독 독독독독. POPs chemical 독 독독독 독독 독독독독독 독독. Bio accumulation 가독 독독독 독독독독.

ecotoxicology lecture summarized note, Study notes of Biology

Related documents

Partial preview of the text

Download ecotoxicology lecture summarized note and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!