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Emerging technology for, Summaries of Computer Communication Systems

Haramaya UniversityComputer Communication Systems
Prof. Ibsa Dukena

Haramaya University Collage of Education

Typology: Summaries

2025/2026

Uploaded on 06/22/2026

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CHAPTER FOUR
Internet of Things
1
Andualem T.
8/8/2021 Fundamental of Information System
Contents
Architecture of IOT
Explain how IOT works
Advantage and disadvantage of IOT
History of IOT
Definition of the term IOT
2
Application areas of IOT
8/8/2021 Fundamental of Information System
Overview of Internet of Things
•The most important features of internet of things (IoT) include:
•Artificial intelligence
•Connectivity
•Sensors
•Active engagement and
•Small device
3
8/8/2021 Fundamental of Information System
Overview of Internet of Things
•Artificial intelligence
•IoT makes anything virtually “smart”, meaning it enhances every aspect
of life with the power of data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms,
and networks
•Connectivity
•new enabling technologies for networking and specially IOT networking ,
mean networks are no longer exclusively tied to major provides therefore
IOT creates these small networks between its system devices.
•Sensors
•IOT loses its distinction without sensors
•They act as defining instruments that transform from standard passive network
of device in to an active system cabling of real world integration.
4
8/8/2021 Fundamental of Information System
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CHAPTER FOUR

Internet of Things

1

Andualem T.

Contents

Architecture of IOT

Explain how IOT works

Advantage and disadvantage of IOT

History of IOT

Definition of the term IOT

2

Application areas of IOT

Overview of Internet of Things

  • The most important features of internet of things (IoT) include:
    • Artificial intelligence
    • Connectivity
    • Sensors
    • Active engagement and
    • Small device

8/8/2021 Fundamental of Information System 3

Overview of Internet of Things

  • Artificial intelligence
    • IoT makes anything virtually “smart”, meaning it enhances every aspect of life with the power of data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and networks
  • Connectivity
  • new enabling technologies for networking and specially IOT networking , mean networks are no longer exclusively tied to major provides therefore IOT creates these small networks between its system devices.
  • Sensors
  • IOT loses its distinction without sensors
  • They act as defining instruments that transform from standard passive network of device in to an active system cabling of real world integration.

8/8/2021 Fundamental of Information System 4

Overview of Internet of Things

  • Active engagement
    • IOT introduce a new paradigm for active content , product ,or

service engagement rather than passive engagement.

  • Small device
    • Those devices has become smaller, cheaper and more

powerful over time so IOT exploits purpose built small

devices to deliver its precision, scalability, and versatility.

Definitions of IOT

  • Several groups defined IOT using different definitions 1. According to the internet architecture boards definition :-
    • IOT is networking of smart objects, means a huge number of devices intelligently communicating in the presence of internet protocol that cannot be directly operated by human beings but exist as components in building vehicles or the environment. 2. According to the internet engineering task force (IETF) organizations
    • IOT is the networking of smart objects in which smart objects have some constraints such as limited bandwidth ,power, and processing accessibility for achieving interoperability among smart objects. 3. According to the IEEE communications category magazines definition:-
  • IOT is framework of all things that have a representation of the
presence of the internet in such a way that new applications and
services enable the interaction in the physical and virtual world in the
form of machine to machine (M2M)communication in the cloud.

4. According to the oxfords definition

  • IOT is the interaction of everyday objects computing devices through
the internet that enables the sending and receiving of useful data.
  • The term Internet of things defines according to the 2020 conceptual
frame work is expressed through simple formula such as:-

7

IOT=services + data +networks + sensors

Definitions of IOT

8/8/2021 Fundamental of Information System

Definitions of IOT

8

  • Generally, IOT is the network of physical objects or “things”
embedded with electronics , software and network connectivity ,
which enables these to collect and exchange data.
  • Is also a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and
digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with
unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network
without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction
  • IOT is a network of devices that can sense, accumulate and transfer
data over the internet without any human intervention.

8/8/2021 Fundamental of Information System

History of IOT

  • The Internet of Things has not been around for very long.
  • since the early 1800s there have been visions of machines communicating with one another.
  • In 1830s and 1840s Machines have been providing direct communications since the telegraph (the first landline) was developed.
  • In June 3, 1900, Described as “wireless telegraphy,” the first radio voice transmission took place, providing another necessary component for developing the Internet of Things.
  • In 1950s The development of computers began.
  • In 1962 The Internet, itself a significant component of the IOT, started out as part of DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency).
  • In 1969 evolved into ARPANET.

History of IOT

  • The traditional fields of automation (including the automation of

buildings and homes), wireless sensor networks, GPS, control systems,

and others, all support the IoT.

  • Kevin Ashton, the Executive Director of Auto-ID Labs at MIT, was the

first to describe the Internet of Things, during his 1999 speech.

  • Kevin Ashton stated that Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) was a

prerequisite for the Internet of Things. He concluded if all devices were

“tagged,” computers could manage, track, and inventory them.

  • To some extent, the tagging of things has been achieved through

technologies such as digital watermarking, barcodes, and QR codes.

Advantages of IOT

  • Advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle and business Here

is a list of some of the advantages that IoT has to offer:

  • Improved Customer Engagement − Current analytics suffer from

blind-spots and significant flaws inaccuracy; and as noted, engagement

remains passive. IoT completely transforms this to achieve richer and

more effective engagement with audiences

  • Technology Optimization − The same technologies and data which

improve the customer experience also improve device use, and aid in

more potent improvements to technology. IoT unlocks a world of

critical functional and field data.

8/8/2021 Fundamental of Information System 15

Advantages of IOT

  • Reduced Waste − IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current

analytics give us superficial insight, but IoT provides real-world

information leading to the more effective management of resources.

  • Enhanced Data Collection − Modern data collection suffers from its

limitations and its design for passive use. IoT breaks it out of those

spaces and places it exactly where humans really want to go to analyze

our world. It allows an accurate picture of everything.

8/8/2021 Fundamental of Information System 16

Disadvantage of IOT

  • As the number of connected devices increases and more information is shared
between devices, the potential that a hacker could steal confidential
information also increases.
  • If there’s a bug in the system, it’s likely that every connected device will
become corrupted.
  • Since there’s no international standard of compatibility for IoT, it’s difficult
for devices from different manufacturers to communicate with each other.
  • Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive numbers maybe even
millions of IoT devices and collecting and managing the data from all those
devices will be challenging.

Challenges of IOT

  • Security − IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected

devices communicating over networks. The system offers little

control despite any security measures. This leaves users exposed

to various kinds of attackers.

  • Privacy − The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal

data in extreme detail without the user's active participation.

  • Flexibility − Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT

system to integrate easily with another. They worry about finding

themselves with several conflicting or locking systems.

Challenges of IOT

  • Complexity − Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of
design, deployment, and maintenance given their use of multiple
technologies and a large set of new enabling technologies.
  • Compliance − IoT, like any other technology in the realm of
business, must comply with regulations. Its complexity makes the
issue of compliance seem incredibly challenging when many
consider standard software compliance a battle.

8/8/2021 Fundamental of Information System 19

How does it work

  • An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded processors, sensors and communication hardware to collect, send and act on data they acquire from their environments.
  • IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT gateway or another edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally.
  • Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and act on the information they get from one another Those devices do most of the work without human intervention, although people can interact with the devices.
  • For instance, to set them up, give them instructions or access the data.
  • The connectivity, networking and communication protocols used with these web-enabled devices largely depend on the specific IoT applications deployed.

8/8/2021 Fundamental of Information System 20

C. Position sensors

  • Deal with the physical position and location of the device.
  • The most common position sensors used in IoT devices are Magnetic sensors and Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors.
  • Magnetic sensors are usually used as digital compass and help to fix the orientation of the device display
  • Global Positioning System is used for navigation purposes in IoT devices. 2. Network Layer
  • Acts as a communication channel to transfer data, collected in the sensing layer, to other connected devices.
  • In IoT devices, the network layer is implemented by using diverse communication technologies to allow data flow between other devices within the same network.
  • e.g. Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, ZWAVE, LoRa, cellular network, etc. 3. Data Processing Layer
    • Consists of the main data processing unit of IoT devices
    • It takes data collected in the sensing layer and analyses the data to
make decisions based on the result.
  • In some IoT devices (e.g., smartwatch, smart home hub, etc.), the data
processing layer also saves the result of the previous analysis to
improve the user experience.
  • This layer may share the result of data processing with other
connected devices via the network layer.

4. Application Layer

  • Implements and presents the results of the data processing layer to
accomplish different applications of IoT devices.
  • It’s a user-centric layer that executes various tasks for the users.
  • There exist diverse IoT applications, which includes
    • Smart transportation
    • Smart home
    • Personal care
    • Healthcare, etc.

8/8/2021 Fundamental of Information System 27

Device and Network

  • Connected devices are part of a scenario in which every device talks to other related devices in an environment to automate home and industrial tasks, and to communicate usable sensor data to users, businesses and other interested parties.
  • IoT devices are meant to work in concert for people at home, in industry or in the enterprise.
  • The devices can be categorized into three main groups: Consumer , Enterprise and Industrial.
  • Consumer connected devices include smart TVs, smart speakers, toys, wearables, and smart appliances.
  • Industrial and Enterprise IoT devices include smart meters, commercial security systems and smart city technologies such as those used to monitor traffic and weather conditions

8/8/2021 Fundamental of Information System 28

IOT tools and platforms

  • There are many vendors in the industrial IoT platform marketplace, offering remarkably similar capabilities and methods of deployment
  • These IoT platform solutions are based on IoT and cloud technology.
  • They can be used in areas of smart home, city, enterprise, home automation, healthcare or automotive.
  • IoT Platform includes:
    • KAA : Manage unlimited number of connected devices
    • SiteWhere : run any number of IoT applications on single SiteWhere instance
    • ThingSpeak : collect data in private channels
    • Zetta : supports a wide rage of hacker boards

Applications of IOT

  • Agriculture
  • Consumer Use
  • Insurance
  • Healthcare
  • Manufacturing
  • Retail
  • Transportation
  • Utilities
  1. IoT Based Smart Home
  • Smart Home initiative allows subscribers to remotely manage and
monitor different home devices from anywhere via smartphones or over
the web with no physical distance limitations.
  • These “smart” devices have the potential to share information with each
other given the permanent availability to access the broadband internet
connection.
  • Components those are included in smart home development
  • Remote Control Appliances : Switching on and off remotely
appliances to avoid accidents and save energy.
  • Weather : Displays outdoor weather conditions such as humidity,
temperature, pressure, wind speed and rain levels with the ability to
transmit data over long distances.

8/8/2021 Fundamental of Information System 31

  • Smart Home Appliances : Refrigerators with LCD screen telling
what’s inside, food that’s about to expire, ingredients you need to buy
and with all the information available on a smartphone app and also
washing machine.
  • Safety Monitoring : cameras, and home alarm systems making people
feel safe in their daily life at home.
  • Intrusion Detection Systems : Detection of window and door
openings and violations to prevent intruders.
  • Energy and Water Use : Energy and water supply consumption
monitoring to obtain advice on how to save cost and resources, &
many more.

8/8/2021 Fundamental of Information System 32