Environmental Science: Soil, Pollution, and
Sustainable Energy Exam Questions and
answers
What are the different soil horizons? - ✅✅Soil horizons are distinct layers in the soil profile, including
the O horizon (organic matter), A horizon (topsoil), E horizon (eluviation layer), B horizon (subsoil), and C
horizon (parent material), each differing in composition and characteristics.
What are the differences between sustainable and conventional agriculture? - ✅✅Sustainable
agriculture focuses on long-term ecological balance, using methods like crop rotation, organic fertilizers,
and reduced chemical use. Conventional agriculture emphasizes high yields through monoculture,
synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides.
What effect does conventional agriculture have on the soil? - ✅✅Conventional agriculture can lead to
soil degradation, reduced fertility, erosion, and loss of biodiversity due to heavy reliance on chemicals
and monoculture practices.
What are the primary goals of sustainable agriculture? - ✅✅The primary goals of sustainable
agriculture include preserving environmental quality, enhancing soil health, promoting biodiversity, and
ensuring economic viability for farmers.
What are different types/sources of water pollution? - ✅✅Sources of water pollution include
agricultural runoff (pesticides, fertilizers), industrial discharges (heavy metals, chemicals), sewage and
wastewater, and oil spills.
What are the different types/sources of air pollution? - ✅✅Types of air pollution include particulate
matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds, sourced from
vehicles, industrial emissions, and burning fossil fuels.
What are the effects of water pollution? - ✅✅Effects of water pollution include harm to aquatic life,
disruption of ecosystems, contamination of drinking water, and health risks to humans.
