Download Exam 2 Fedele | GEOS 1024 - Resources Geology and more Quizzes Geology in PDF only on Docsity!
Geologic record:
-Tool for Studying Global Climate Change CO2 trapped in air bubbles in glacial ice Organic material in sediments Fossils Pollen Tree rings TERM 2
Real Time monitoring:
DEFINITION 2 a tool for studying global climate change Sampling atmospheric gases Recording Temperature Composition of the ocean TERM 3
Mathematical Models:
DEFINITION 3 -tool for studying global climate change - Global Circulation Models (GCMs) Predicting changes in atmospheric circulation at the global scale TERM 4
Climate:
DEFINITION 4 -encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric particle count and many other meteorological elements in a given region over long periods of time. -Climate can be contrasted to weather, which is the present condition of these same elements over periods up to two weeks. TERM 5
The Greenhouse Effect:
DEFINITION 5 Several atmosphericgases: CO2, CH4,CFCs trapping more heat and warming up the lower atmosphere, similar to the effect of a greenhouse The concentration of greenhouse gases increased recently due to human activities,anthropogenic gases
Why does climate change?
Milankovitch Cycles 100K years: Variation in earth orbit around the sun 20-40K years: tilting and wobbling of earth axis Climate system unstable even in shorter cycles, a few decades The ocean conveyor belt, global circulation of ocean water, contributes to the change TERM 7
We can sequester CO2 by:
DEFINITION 7
- increasing ocean photosynthesis or injecting CO2 -Fertilize ocean with Iron -Simulation of CO2 after 100 years of injection -Ocean injection of gaseous CO TERM 8
We could also remove CO2 by increasing:
DEFINITION 8 -photosynthesis on land -- "Carbon offsets" -Carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen TERM 9
Energy usage in the US:
DEFINITION 9 Commercial: 19% Residential: 22 % Industrial 31% Transportation 28% TERM 10
BTU=
DEFINITION 10 BTU = (British Thermal Unit) is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree F. This is the standard measurement used to state the amount of energy that a fuel has
15 years ago:
China was selfsufficient and didn't import oil. Now is the worlds second-largest consumer of oil behind the United States, and the third-largest net importer of oil after the U.S. and Japan. TERM 17
China is the largest:
DEFINITION 17 =producer and consumer of coal in the world, and many of Chinas large coal reserves have yet to be developed. TERM 18
Where is the oil?
DEFINITION 18 Look at map on lecture 8 Where is the oil TERM 19
Biofuels and Canadian
oil
DEFINITION 19 sands account for 78% of the increase in total unconventional liquids TERM 20
Non-OECD (developing) countries account for:
DEFINITION 20 86% of the increase in global energy use
OECD=
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development is an international economic organization of 30 countries. Most OECD members are high-income economies with a high Human Development Index (HDI) and are regarded as developed countries TERM 22
What is Coal, and why its so
important?
DEFINITION 22 Earths most abundant fossil fuel Is a combustible biogenic sedimentary rock that forms from the highly compressed remains of land plants Contains the energy stored in living plants by photosynthesis TERM 23
Coal use has:
DEFINITION 23
- declined in the last 40 years but still provides ~ 50% of all electricity in the US Its use declined due to increased production of Oil and natural gas (easier to extract and use) However with petroleum becoming more scarce and expensive coal could likely become again the main fossil fuel (new technologies could help) TERM 24
Coal forms from:
DEFINITION 24
- terrestrial plants subjected to heat and pressure over geologic time -cellulose-----> peat TERM 25
Most of world's coal formed during the:
DEFINITION 25 Carboniferous
Anthracite -
the highest rank of coal used primarily for residential and commercial space heating TERM 32
van Krevelen diagrams: With decreasing OC
and H/C ratios,
DEFINITION 32
- are used to evaluate the energy content of coals based on their chemical composition. -With decreasing O/C and H/C ratios, energy content increases TERM 33
Extraction of coal requires:
DEFINITION 33 mining: both subsurface and surface techniques are used TERM 34
Longwall mining:
DEFINITION 34 Longwall mining is a highly productive underground coal mining technique which uses mining machines that consist of multiple coal shearers mounted on a series of self-advancing hydraulic ceiling supportsThe entire process is mechanized. Longwall mining machines are about 240 meters in width and1.5 to 3 meters tall.Longwall miners extract "panels" - rectangularblocks of coal as wide as the mining machinery and as long as 3,650 meters. Massive shearers cut coal from a wall face, which falls onto a conveyor belt for removal.Asa longwall miner advances along a panelthe roof behind the miner's path is allowed to cllapse. TERM 35
Coal subsurface mining: Room and Pillar
DEFINITION 35 Room and pillar mining is still very common in underground coal mines,because it is very flexible and does not require a large capital expenditure for equipment like a longwall mining operation would. Room & Pillar is so named, because pillars of coal are left standing to help support the roof of the mine. A typical design would have the entry ways ( or rooms) with a width of 20 feet, and the pillars with width's of 40-60 feet.In some room & pillar mines, on retreat mining, the pillars are removed, allowing the roof to collapse. This is called "pulling the pillars". While a longwall section would have production rates of 1,000 to 20, tons per shift, room and pillar mines have lower production rates of 600 to 1, tons per shift per miner unit.
Coal that contains pyrite (FeS2)
can
cause acid mine drainage when it is exposed to air TERM 37
Cause coal that contains pyrite
process:
DEFINITION 37 O2 and water, it oxidizes Oxidation releases protons (acid) FeS2+H2O+O2=> Fe2+ + SO4 2- + H+ Acid mobilizes other metals (e.g. arsenic) which enters water supply End result: Oxidation of pyrite creates conditions with low pH and high metals concentrations TERM 38
Coal burning produces:
DEFINITION 38 sulfur and nitrogen gases, which cause acid rain TERM 39
Combustion of Coal creates:
DEFINITION 39 sulfur dioxide and nitric oxides. They are converted into sulfuric acid and nitric acid SO2 H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) NO HNO3 (nitric acid) TERM 40
After coal combustion:
DEFINITION 40 pH of the rain is lowered. At pH < 5 most fish eggs will not hatch and
What is natural gas?
Energy gases are the combustible gases found in the Earth's crust. TERM 47
Natural gases are usually found together
with:
DEFINITION 47 noncombustible gases such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide, and together they constitute what is commonly known as natural gas. -look at What is natural gas slide for diagram TERM 48
Natural gas provides:
DEFINITION 48 ~ 25% of all the energy used in the U.S. TERM 49
Major users of natural gas:
DEFINITION 49 Major users (LOOK AT DIAGRAM) Industry- Electricity generation- Residential-Fuel for transportation 9.6 million natural gas vehicles worldwide Pakistan - 2.0 million Argentina - 1.7 million Brazil - 1.6 million Iran - 1.0 million USA - 120, TERM 50
Why is natural gas fossil fuel of choice?
DEFINITION 50 -Fossil fuel of choiceWhy? Combustion produces CO2,but not S or N gases 1930s: 5% of U.S. energy consumption 2009: 25% of U.S. energy consumption
At current consumption rates, the world has :
World consumes:
~ 60 year supply of natural gas World consumes ~ 106 TCF (trillion cubic feet) per year TERM 52
Total proven reserves:
DEFINITION 52 Total proven reserves: ~ 6600 TCF TERM 53
Reserves distributed unevenly:
DEFINITION 53 Russia 25% Iran 16% Qatar 14% United States 4% Much in Gulf Coast (25% of U.S.) TERM 54
Use of natural gas requires
DEFINITION 54 pipelines for delivery TERM 55
A network of pipelines:
DEFINITION 55 connects areas of natural gas reserves and resources with the population centers that are the market for energy gas.
Recent improvements in technology:
lowered the cost of liquification TERM 62
In liquified state:
DEFINITION 62 , natural gas is safer to transport. Quantities of LNG imports into the U.S. more than doubled between 1998 and 2001. TERM 63
An LNG carrier
DEFINITION 63 is a tank ship designed for transporting liquefied natural gas. As the TERM 64
LNG market is:
DEFINITION 64 growing rapidly and the fleet of LNG carriers is experiencing tremendous growth. - They adopt special containment systems to keep the Natural Gas at low temperatures and in liquid state. Concerns: Possible Targets for Terrorists? TERM 65
Natural Gas Storage
DEFINITION 65
- depleted reservoirs in oil and/or gas fields 2. aquifers 3. salt cavern formations
NG is most commonly held
in inventory underground under pressure in three types of facilities TERM 67
The principal owners/operators of
underground storage facilities
DEFINITION 67 do not necessarily own the stored NG 1. interstate pipeline companies 2. intrastate pipeline companies 3. local distribution companies (LDCs) 4. independent storage service providers TERM 68
Unconventional Gas Resources
DEFINITION 68 -: Coalbed CH4 (CBM) It's methane adsorbed* into the solid matrix of the coal Well known from its occurrence in underground coal mining, where it presents a serious safety risk CH4 is in a near-liquid state, lining the inside of pores within the coal (called the matrix) TERM 69
In recent decades, unconventional gas
resources
DEFINITION 69 it has become an important source of energy in the US, Canada and Australia TERM 70
To extract the gas,
DEFINITION 70 a steel-encased hole is drilled into the coal seam (100 - 1500 meters below ground).
Marcellus Shale: Geologists knew of:
underlies much ofPennsylvania, New York, Ohio, West Virginia and adjacent states. -Geologists knew of the gas, but the depth of the rock unit and its low permeability made it an unconventional exploration target. TERM 77
Within the past few years:
DEFINITION 77 hydrofracturing and horizontal drilling, have been tested in the Marcellus resulting in some of the most productive wells in the eastern United States. TERM 78
it is the closest
DEFINITION 78 natural gas to the high demand markets of New York, New Jersey and New England. TERM 79
The potential of the Marcellus is
DEFINITION 79 significant. It is thought to contain about 50 Tcf of gas TERM 80
Unconventional Gas Resources-Methane
Hydrates are the most :
DEFINITION 80 Methane hydrates are the most recent form of unconventional natural gas to be discovered and researched. These interesting formations are made up of a lattice of frozen water, which forms a sort of 'cage' around molecules of methane. They are stable at high P or low T.
These hydrates look like
-melting snow and were first discovered in permafrost regions of the Arctic. TERM 82
Research into methane hydrates has revealed
that
DEFINITION 82 they may be much more plentiful than first expected. Estimates range anywhere from 7,000 Tcf to over 73, Tcf! Methane hydrate (Clathrate) Flaming snowball. TERM 83
The USGS estimates that methanehydrates
may contain:
DEFINITION 83 more carbon than the world's coal, oil, and conventional natural gas combined! However, research into methane hydrates is still in its infancy. TERM 84
effects the extraction of methane hydrates
may have on the natural carbon cycle :
DEFINITION 84 It is not known what kind of effects the extraction of methane hydrates may have on the natural carbon cycle TERM 85
Fossil Fuels originate
from
DEFINITION 85 buried organic matter
Petroleum formation depends upon
P T and the type of the original organic matter TERM 92
Marine organic matter trapped in sediments
is composed of
DEFINITION 92 the remains of planktonic organisms. This organic matter is rich in lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. TERM 93
The conversion of organic matter to kerogen
and to oil and gas is a function of:
DEFINITION 93 the burial depth (with corresponding increase in P and T). Biogenic methane is generated by near-surface bacterial activity. TERM 94
The actual depth of the thermogenic
generation of oil and gas can :
DEFINITION 94 vary slightly from one area to the other depending on rock type, the geothermal gradient and the nature of the organic matter. TERM 95
The depth of burial has been subdivided into
DEFINITION 95 three major zones (Diagenesis, Catagenesis and Metagenesis) in which chemical and physical processes progressively alter and decompose minerals and organic matter.
Kerogen =
partially transformed organic matter that can be converted into oil and gas by refining processes TERM 97
From the source rock, oil
moves
DEFINITION 97 into permeable reservoir rocks and migrates until it reaches a trap TERM 98
Good reservoir rocks
include
DEFINITION 98 sandstone and limestone TERM 99
Traps are:
DEFINITION 99 what geologists try to locate they are the most likely places to find oil TERM 100
Oil less dense than water,
DEFINITION 100 will "float" to top
