Download Final Anatomy Study Guide and more Study notes Anatomy in PDF only on Docsity!
OBJECTIVES FROM INTRO TO ANATOMY
Learn the different body cavities and their subparts Learn and apply basic directional terminology Learn and identify the planes and sections Distinguish the major functions of each body system BODY SYSTEMS System Major organs Function Integumentary system - skin
- hair
- sweat glands
- nails
- protects against environmental hazards
- helps regulate body temperature
- provides sensory information
- synthesis and storage of vitamin D
- contains body organs Skeletal system - bones
- cartilages
- associated ligaments
- bone marrow
- provides support and protection from other tissues
- stores calcium and other minerals
- forms blood cells
- synthesize blood in the marrow Muscular system - skeletal muscles and associated tendons and aponeuroses (tendinous sheets)
- provides movement
- provides protection and support for other tissues
- generates heat that maintains body temperature Nervous system - brain
- spinal cord
- peripheral nerves
- sense organs
- directs immediate responses to stimuli
- coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems
- provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions Cardiovascular system - heart
- blood
- blood vessels (veins and capillaries)
- distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials, including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
- distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature Lymphatic system - spleen
- thymus
- lymphatic system
- lymph nodes
- tonsils
- defend against infection and disease
- part of the immune system
- returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream Respiratory system - nasal cavities
- sinuses
- larynx
- trachea
- delivers air to alveoli (where gas exchange happens)
- provides oxygen to the bloodstream
- removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
- bronchi
- lungs
- alveoli
- produces sounds for communication
- filtering and warming air as it enters the mouth Gastrointestinal system - teeth
- tongue
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas
- mouth
- processes and digests food
- absorbs and conserves water
- absorbs nutrients (ions, water, and the breakdown products of dietary sugars, proteins, and fats)
- stores energy reserves Endocrine system - pituitary gland
- thyroid gland
- pancreas (exocrine and endocrine)
- adrenal glands
- gonads (testes and ovaries)
- endocrine tissues in other systems
- directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems
- regulates sexual function and sleep
- adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body
- controls many structural and functional changes during development Renal/ urinary system - kidneys
- ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra
- excretes waste products fro, the blood
- controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced
- stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
- regulates blood ion concentrations and pH Male reproductive system - testes
- epididymis
- ductus deferens
- vas deferens
- seminal vesicles
- prostate gland
- penis
- scrotum
- produce male sex cells (sperm) and hormones Female reproductive system - ovaries
- uterine tubes
- uterus
- vagina
- labia
- clitoris
- mammary glands
- produce female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones
- supports developing embryo from conception to delivery
- provides milk for newborn
Transverse plane Separates the body into superior and inferior portion Frontal (coronal) plane Separates the body into anterior and posterior positions Sagittal plane Separates the body in the right and left portions Term Definition Anatomy The study of the structure of the body Body's structural hierarchy atom - molecule - macromolecule - organelle - cell - tissue - organ (viscera) - organ system - organism Appendicular skeleton Bones of the limbs (pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle included) Axial skeleton Skull, spine, sacrum/coccyx , sternum , ribs ligament Bone to bone connection tendon Muscle to bone connection Central nervous system (CNS) Brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Nerve fibers and cell bodies outside the CNS, provide impulses to or away from the brain and muscles Somatic nervous system (SNS) Somatic parts of the CNS / PNS providing sensory / motor innervation to most of the body Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Sympathetic / parasympathetic pathways Intracellular fluid (⅔) Fluid inside the cells (⅔) Extracellular fluid Fluid outside the cells (⅓) Interstitial fluid (extracellular fluid) In spaces between the cells (lymph fluid) intERstitial = in between the cells Intravascular fluid (extracellular fluid) Fluid in the vessels (plasma) - vascular = in the vessels OBJECTIVES TO HEAD, FACE, AND NECK ANATOMY Locate the skull bones which underline the forehead, the upper jaw, and the uppermost area of the cheek Identify the bones of the calvaria (skull cap) Identify the body, ramus, and angle of mandible
Identify the superficial facial muscles and muscles of mastication and their basic functions Locate the areas on the side of the face and neck where the parotid and submandibular salivary glands can be palpated Identify the facial skin areas which receive sensory innervation from (a) ophthalmic (b) maxillary and ((c) mandibular divisions of the trigeminal nerve Identify the sensory and motor innervation of the facial muscles Identify the motor innervation of the muscles of mastication Identify the lymph node chains of the skull and jaw Locate the hyoid bone, the thyroid and cricoid cartilages of the larynx, the upper part of the trachea, the lobes and isthmus of the thyroid gland, and the parathyroid glands in the anterior part of the neck Located the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the accessory nerve in the side of the neck Identify the border of the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck Identify the level at which the common carotid artery bifurcates into the external and internal carotid arteries C 4 Locate the site at which the common carotid arterial pulse can be palpated Describe relationships among the common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve in the lower part of the neck Describe the course of the external jugular vein in the neck and the subclavian artery through the root of the neck Muscle Innervation Function SCALP & FOREHEAD Occipitofrontalis (frontal belly) Facial nerve (VII) Elevated eyebrows and wrinkles forehead; protracts scalp Occipitofrontalis (occipital belly) Facial nerve (VII) Retracts scalp; increasing effectiveness of frontal belly ORBITAL GROUP Orbicularis oculi (palpebral part) Facial nerve (VII) Closes the eyelids GENTLY Orbicularis oculi (orbital part) Facial nerve (VII) Closes the eyelids forcefully Corrugator supercilii Facial nerve (VII) Draws the eyebrows medially and downward (the 11 wrinkles) NASAL GROUP
platysma Facial nerve (VII) Depresses mandible; tenses skin of inferior face and neck MUSCLES OF MASTICATION Masseter CNV- 5 (mandibular branch of trigeminal) Closes jaw Temporalis CNV- 5 (mandibular branch of trigeminal) Closes jaw Medial pterygoid CNV- 5 (mandibular branch of trigeminal) Closes jaw; parallels masseter muscle Lateral pterygoid CNV- 5 (mandibular branch of trigeminal) Opens jaw ; allows grinding action side to side, and protrudes mandible OBJECTIVES FOR EENT ANATOMY Identify the optic fundus and differentiate its specific regions, the optic disc, vessels, macula lutea, and fovea centralis Identify the conjunctival sac, its fornices, and the bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva of the eye Identify the extraocular muscles and their function Define the basics of the visual field pathway Identify the innervation of the extraocular muscles Identify the cranial nerves with provide the sensory and motor nerve fibers associated with The corneal reflex test The direct light and consensual light reflexes, and The three reflexes of the near-point reaction Identify the structures of the external ear including the auricle, pinna, tragus, and external ear canal Identify the structures of the tympanic membrane Identify the main structures of the middle and inner ear Identify the innervation of the auditory pathway Identify the skull bones that house the paranasal sinuses Identify the paranasal sinuses accessible to physical examination Identify the innervation of the olfactory pathway Locate the palatine, pharyngeal, tubal, and lingual tonsils in the larynx Identify the 3 regions of the oropharynx
Differentiate the cranial nerves which provide the sensory and motor nerve fibers for the gag reflex EYES- yay Name Function/ Definition Cranial nerve Palpebral fissure The space between the upper and lower eyelid Orbicularis oculi Closes eye (forcefully and soft) CN VII- facial Levator palpebrae superioris Elevates upper eyelid CN III - oculomotor Superior tarsal Elevates upper eyelid CN III Tarsal plates (superior and inferior) Dense fibrous tissue found- directly surrounding the eyelid (deep) for support and shape Review Tarsal & meibomian gland Modified sebaceous glands
- secrete oily substance to increase tear viscosity and decrease rate of evaporation Lacrimal apparatus Tears are produced: lacrimal, meibomian, and conjunctival Tear fluid drains: medially through the superior and inferior puncta Tears pass into: lacrimal sac and into nose through nasolacrimal duct Sclera Thick, white, outermost fibrous layer, becomes transparent at the cornea
- sclera and cornea are a continuous structure Sclera turns into cornea at the limbus Cornea Clear portion of the sclera in the central anterior region, allows light to enter eye Limbus Where the sclera and the cornea meet on the iris Conjunctiva Clear mucous membrane that covers the sclera Palpebral : inside the eye (flip eyelid) Bulbar : covering the sclera Choroid Deeply pigmented vascular layer that prevents light from scattering inside the In between sclera and retina
Central renal artery Enters through the optic disc Anterior chamber Anterior to the iris; filled with with aqueous humor Posterior chamber Posterior to the iris but anterior to the lens; filled with aqueous humor (produced by ciliary body) Vitreous humor Posterior to lens and in vitreous chamber, gel like substance prevents eyeball from collapsing inward CRANIAL NERVES IMPORTANT TO THE EYE CN II: Optic Visual acuity and seeing
- the only cranial nerve we can see on a physical exam CN III: Oculomotor Most extraocular muscles:
- levator palpebrae superioris =
- sphincter/dilator pupillae CN IV: Trochlear Superior oblique CN V: Trigeminal Sensory to upper/lateral eyelid & lower eyelid, lacrimal gland, conjunctiva, cornea CN VI: Abducens Lateral Rectus CN VII: Facial Orbital muscles, motor to lacrimal gland Makes you cry Extraocular Muscles Superior rectus Elevation with adduction and medial rotation (looking up)
CN III
Inferior rectus Depression with adduction and lateral rotation (look down)
CN III
Lateral rectus abduction CN VI Medial rectus adduction CN III Superior oblique Depression and abduction with medial rotation
CN IV
Inferior oblique Elevation and abduction with lateral rotation CN III
Describe visual field pathway and components
- impulses from optic nerve to optic chiasm to optic tracts
- fibers of the optic tracts synapse in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
- optic tract to optic radiation
- optic radiation to primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe EAR Name Function/ Definition Cranial Nerve EXTERNAL EAR Pinna (auricle) Funnels sound into the ear. Cartilaginous framework covered by skin External Acoustic Meatus (EAC) - extends from concha to TM
- lateral ⅓ is cartilage
- medial ⅔ is bone (temporal bone)
- cartilage portion contains glands that secrete cerumen and has hair cells
- does not follow a straight course Tympanic membrane - outer layer composed of modified skin that is continuous with the external acoustic meatus
- middle layer composed of connective tissue Pars tensa - Tense portion of the TM
- Allows vibrations to hear Pars faccida Small, triangular, flaccid portion of the tympanic membrane (lower) MIDDLE EAR Ossicular chain Malleous: bonded to TM and Incus Incus: attached to stapes Stapes: footplate sits within the oval window Eustachian Tube - connects middle ear with nasopharynx
- normally flat and closed, opens briefly when a person swallows and yawns to
CN IX
Pharynx 3 regions
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx Walderyer ring
- palatine tonsils
- pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
- tubal tonsil
- lingual tonsil CN VII ( facial) Visceral motor (parasympathetic) innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands It's heaven (seven) in my mouth ( submandibular and sublingual are located in/near mouth) CN IX ( glossopharyngeal ) Visceral motor (parasympathetic) innervation to the parotid gland This is also the gag reflex INNERVATION OF MOUTH/THROAT CN V- 2 (trigeminal maxillary branch)
- Sensory to the palate and maxillary teeth/gingivae CN V- 3 (trigeminal-mandibular branch)
- Sensory to the anterior ⅔ of tongue and mandibular teeth/gingivae
- motor to the muscles of mastication and tensor veil palatine muscle of the soft palate CN VII (facial) - visceral motor (parasympathetic) to the submandibular, sublingual, and palatal glands
- special sensory (taste) anterior ⅔ of tongue CN IX (glossopharyngeal) - visceral motor (parasympathetic) to the parotid gland
- sensory to the posterior ⅓ of tongue and the oropharynx (gag reflex) CN X (vagus) Motor to palatal muscle, pharyngeal muscles (superior, middle, and inferior
constrictors), and the palatoglossus muscle of the tongue CN XII (Hypoglossal) Motor to the tongue muscles (except the palatoglossus muscle of the tongue) OBJECTIVES FOR THORAX AND LUNGS Identity the structural components of the thoracic wall and their key anatomical features Identify the skeletal components ( thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum) of the thoracic wall and describe their key anatomical features Identify the surface anatomy of the thoracic wall with an emphasis on palpable landmarks Describe the function of the musculoskeletal components of the thoracic wall Describe the structure and innervation of the diaphragm (phrenic nerve) Identify the major structures that transverse the diaphragm between the thorax and the abdomen (esophagus, aorta, inferior vena cava) Identify the division of the thoracic cavity into a midline mediastinum bordered by the lungs and their pleural cavities and the subdivisions of the mediastinum into four components (superior, inferior, anterior, posterior) Identify the major respiratory passages from trachea to segmental bronchi Describe the major features of the lungs, including lobes, fissures, surfaces, and borders Describe the anatomical distribution of the pleurae Describe the mechanics of respiration and the structural components involved with ventilation Identify the spatial relationships among the viscera of the mediastinum THORAX AND LUNGS term Definition Other Thoracic Cavity - contains heart and lungs
- superior mediastinum, pleural cavity, pericardial cavity Thoracic Cage (Chest wall)
- protects heart, lungs, and other structures within the cavity
- serves as the attachment site for muscles involved in respiration, positioning the vertebral column, movements in the pectoral girdle and upper limb
Vertebral Column - cervical vertebrae ( 7 ) correlates with the amount of true ribs
- thoracic vertebrae ( 12 ) which all have articulation points that support the ribs and the most spinous processes
- lumbar vertebrae ( 5 ) Vertebral anatomy Vertebral body
- supports the weight along the axis of the body
- anterior structure Vertebral body separated from another vertebral body by a pad of cartilage called the intervertebral disc Vertebral arch - form vertebral foramen
- made of pedicle and lamina
- spinous process projects posteriorly
- transverse processes project laterally Lobes of the lungs Fissures
- oblique fissure: wraps around to 6 th rib at the midclavicular line, starts at T 3 spinous process ( both lobes have this!)
- horizontal fissure: from 4 th rib to midaxillary line of 5 th rib (meets at oblique) only right has this!
- inferior lobes end at 6 th intercostal space and T 10 Larynx Just know all of the picture
- primary bronchi
- secondary bronchi
- tertiary bronchi
- bronchiole
- lobule
- alveoli The lungs The alveoli and respiratory membrane - visceral pleura
- the cells associated with the alveoli type I pneumocytes (single layer of squamous cells)
- type II pneumocytes (secrete surfactant) are scattered among the type I pneumocytes
- surfactant prevents alveolar collapse
- alveolar macrophages wander around phagocytizing particulate matter
- parietal pleura
- pleural space Gas exchange - at the alveoli
- pulmonary arteries transport carbon dioxide to the alveolar capillaries
- carbon dioxide leaves the capillaries and enters the alveolar sacs
- oxygen leaves the alveolar sacs and enters the capillaries
- oxygen enters the pulmonary veins and returns to the heart to be pumped to all parts of the body Pulm arteries - > alveolar capillaries - > alveolar sacs - > capillaries - > pulmonary veins to heart Respiratory muscles Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
- diaphragm
- external intercostals
- internal intercostals inspiration - unforced (quiet) and forced (deep) inspiration
- active process
- need energy for muscle contraction to draw air into the lungs Expiration (unforced & quiet)
- passive process
- elastic recoil of lungs & relaxation of muscles pushes air out Forced (deep) - active process
- engage abdominal and internal intercostal muscles to push even more air out Diaphragm C 3 - C 5 from cervical plexus
- gives rise to the Phrenic Nerve (motor and sensory functions) Phrenic Nerve (also included in the middle mediastinum) External intercostal Elevates rib cage during inspiration Internal intercostal Depressed rib cage during expiration Respiratory movements and muscles inhalation Active process that primarily involves the - ribs and sternum elevate =
Chemoreceptor Respond to changes in partial pressures of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and changes in pH protective Respond to physical injury or irritation OBJECTIVES FOR CARDIAC, LYMPHATIC, AND VASCULAR ANATOMY Describe the function and positions within the thorax of the great veins Locate the origin of each of the great arteries arising within the thoracic cavity and its course through the thoracic cavity Identify the spatial relationships among the viscera of the mediastinum Describe the path of blood flow through the heart and great vessels Identify the surfaces and borders of the heart Describe anatomy and function of the cardiac valves Identify the position and orientation of the heart in the thoracic cavity Identify the lymph node chains of the axilla, elbow, and groin Define and characterize the major components of the peripheral vascular system Viscera of the mediastinum Mediastinum Central portion that separates the pleural cavities
- thymus gland
- pericardial sac
- heart
- trachea
- major arteries and veins Middle mediastinum Central in the thoracic cavity - pericardium
- heart
- origins of the great vessels
- nerves and smaller vessels (my parrot has orange nipples) Surface anatomy Where do you start palpating the ribs?
- jugular notch to sternal notch = rib II costal articulation Jugular notch Superior extend of the manubrium of the sternum Sternal angle Articulation between the manubrium and the body of the sternum Also called the angle of louis
T IV/ V vertebral level Important place for locating anatomy
- transverse plane that passes through the sternal angle and intervertebral discs
- costal cartilage of rib II articulates with the sternum
- superior mediastinum is separated from the inferior mediastinum
- ascending aorta ends and the arch or aorta begins
- arch of the aorta ends and the thoracic (descending) aorta begins
- bifurcation of the trachea Cardiac Margins & Anatomy Upper limit High as 3 rd costal cartilage on the right side of the sternum and 2 nd intercostal space on the left side of the sternum Right margin Extends from right 3 rd costal cartilage to near the right 6 th costal cartilage Left margin Down the 2 nd ICS to apex at 5 th ICS Lower margin Sternal end of 6 th costal cartilage to apex in 5 th ICS near mid clavicular Sides of the pyramid - diaphragmatic/ inferior surface
- anterior surface
- right pulmonary surface
- left pulmonary surface Cardiac base - left atrium, small portion of the right atrium, proximal parts of the great veins
- directed posteriorly
- T 5 - T 8 - esophagus is immediately posterior Cardiac apex Formed by the infero-lateral part of the left ventricle, positioned deep to left 5 th ICS Tip of the heart Anterior surface Faces anteriorly, mostly RV with some RA on right and LV on left Diaphragmatic surface Faces inferiorly and rests on diaphragm
- LV and small portion of RV
- extends from base to apex Pulmonary surface Left pulmonary surface
- Faces the left lung and consists
