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Pathophysiology January, Study notes of Pathophysiology

Franklin CollegePathophysiology

Key points of pathophysiology guest lecturers

Typology: Study notes

2020/2021

Uploaded on 06/03/2026

nicole-pawlicke
nicole-pawlicke 🇺🇸

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Cell Structure and metabolism Study Guide
- Phopholipid Bilayer
a. Receptor Mediated endocytosis
1. How viruses enter the cell
b. Dictates permeability
c. Embedded cholesterol
1. Helps rigidity of membrane
d. Membrane proteins and sugars
1. Cell-cell interactions (recognition: can change throughout life)
- Membrane proteins mediate
a. Transport
- Vesicles and cytoskelton
b. Cell signaling
1. Ligands, contact mediated, ect…
c. Cell-cell interactions
1. Recognition
d. Cell structure
1. Imbedded, peripheral, ect…
e. Cell Polarity
1. Basale and Apical directions
- Types of Membrane receptors
a. Transport channel
1. Open channel
2. Passive facilitated
3. High to low gradient
4. EX: ion
b. Cell surface receptor
1. Ligand gated (hormone, growth factor, drug, ion or small molecule)
2. Activation of cascade inside cell (Gene expression, protein synthesis,
immune response)
c. Enzyme Receptor
1. Enzyme creates cascade or inactivates
- ECM
a. Integrins
1. Adheres to basement membrane
2. Limits cell division in tissues
3. Dysregulated in cancer (metstatic)
b. Cadherins
1. Calcium-depdent structures
2. Cell junctions
3. Development
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Cell Structure and metabolism Study Guide

  • Phopholipid Bilayer a. Receptor Mediated endocytosis 1. How viruses enter the cell b. Dictates permeability c. Embedded cholesterol 1. Helps rigidity of membrane d. Membrane proteins and sugars
  1. Cell-cell interactions (recognition: can change throughout life)
  • Membrane proteins mediate a. Transport - Vesicles and cytoskelton b. Cell signaling 1. Ligands, contact mediated, ect… c. Cell-cell interactions 1. Recognition d. Cell structure 1. Imbedded, peripheral, ect… e. Cell Polarity 1. Basale and Apical directions
  • Types of Membrane receptors a. Transport channel 1. Open channel 2. Passive facilitated 3. High to low gradient 4. EX: ion b. Cell surface receptor
  1. Ligand gated (hormone, growth factor, drug, ion or small molecule) 2. Activation of cascade inside cell (Gene expression, protein synthesis, immune response) c. Enzyme Receptor
  2. Enzyme creates cascade or inactivates
  • ECM a. Integrins 1. Adheres to basement membrane 2. Limits cell division in tissues 3. Dysregulated in cancer (metstatic) b. Cadherins 1. Calcium-depdent structures 2. Cell junctions 3. Development

c. Collagen, elastin, lamina

  1. Strength, stretch, and structure of tissue d. Proteoglycans and glycoprotiens
  2. Protection for cell (recognition)
  3. Cell mobility
  • ECM defects a. Osteochondrodysplasia
  1. Defect of ECM in vitro that affects bone and cartilage growth at birth b. Epidermolysis bullosa
  2. Collagen defect
  3. Causes blistering on contact
  • Cell Junctions a. Tight Junctions
  1. Keeps molecules from leaking out
  2. Limits diffusion between cells
  3. Maintain cell polarity ● Normally found on apical (top) side b. Gap Junctions
  4. Communication via tunnels
  5. EX: Cardiac cells c. Desmosome
  6. Provide stability and structure
  7. Spots ● snaps
  8. Belts ● Velcro strap
  9. hemidesmosomes ● Sucktion cup d. Gating
  10. Cellular defense to calcium concentration
  11. Regulates permeability ● Defense mechanism
  • Methods of signaling (cell-cell) a. Contact dependent
  1. Signal molecule binds to receptor on other cell b. Remote signaling
  2. Carrier protein chaperones the signal molecule c. Contact dependent
  3. Gap junctions
  • Chem signals between cells a. Contact dependent b. Paracrine c. Autocrine d. Hormonal
  1. D goes with D c. Parkinson’s Disease
  2. Altered RAB protein leads to golgi fragmentation
  • Lysosomal Disorders a. Tay-Sachs
  1. GM2 ganglioside accumulation
  2. Loss of Heximinidase metabolic enzyme
  3. Destroys neurons
  4. Leads to muscle weakness, moss of motor skills, paralysis and seizures B. Pompe Disease
  5. Loss of alpha-glucoside
  6. Defective breakdown of sugar > sugar build up in muscles > kills muscle tissue C. Gout
  7. Accumulation of uric acid crystals in lysosomes
  8. Hydrolysis leakage > uric acid crstals leak into joints > swelling
  • Interphase a. G1 : growth, DNA assessment, nucleotide synthesis b. S : DNA synthesis c. G2: Organelle replication, RNA and protein synthesis
  • Divsion a. M : Division of cell nucleus b. C : Division of cytoplasm
  • Cell cycle control a. External growth factor signaling
  1. Mitogen: stimulates mitosis ● An extracellular signal from an outside cell ● Creates a cascade affect in receptor cell ● Drives transcription = cell division ● EX: HGF (tumor metastasis), EGF (Her2-positive), FGF (Proliferation of fibroblasts), TGF (regulates differentiation) b. cycling/CDK complex + DNA integrity c. Cell cycle checkpoints ● G1, G2, ans metaphase need specific phophorolated cyclin to continue division d. Non-deviding cell ● G0 : division halted for repair or terminal differentiation
  • Embryonic origin of tissues a. Ectoderm
  1. Skin
  2. Neurons b. Mesoderm
  3. CT
  4. Muscle
  5. bone

c. Endoderm

  1. Interior lining (airway, digestive)
  2. Glandular Tissue

Metabolic pathway

Precursor (Molecule) > catalyst (enzyme or ribozyme) > Intermediate 1 > catalyst >Intermediate 2 > catalyst > Final product (different molecule)

  • Enzyme a. Structure dictates function b. Enzyme is substance specific c. mostly , one substrate specific
  • Enzymes decrease activation energy for catalytic reactions
  • Enzymes are regulated a. Cofactors: protein needs molecule to be bound in order to function 1. Ions, small molecules b. Coenzymes: Binds to enzyme to get correct enzyme receptor shape and activate enzyme c. Competicitve inhibitor: binds active site effectively blocking substrate binding d. Non-competivite Inhibitor: binds a different site on the enzyme changing shape of binding site
  • Production and storage of energy a. Break down of larger molecules 1. In digestive track 2. Small building blocks can enter cell b. Storage of energy 1. ATP and glycogen (muscles, liver, brain)
  • Phase 1: digestion of large molecules
  • Phase 2: Cytoplasm > pyruvate > acetylCoa
  • Phase 3: CAC and ETC

Glycolysis break down a. Put IN: Glu + 2 ATP b. OUT: Pyruvate + 4 ATP

Electrolyte and water (acid-base)

  • Water is a polar substance due to electronegativity of O
  • a. O2 is more negative (partial negative charge) b. Dissolves other polar substances (H- bond) c. Dissolves charged substances (est. e- current) d. Important because able to create intracellular solution (ions dissolved in)
  • H bonds are weak bonds important a. Negative interacts with positive on another molecule b. interacts with water or AA (nitrogen group) c. How we hold together DNA, how we get protein into cells, proteins are held together by H-bond
  • Ability to form bonds is very important for water a. Water likes to stick together, how IV medications can work b. makes water cohesive (H bond) c. Insects can walk on water due to surface tension (bonds)
  • temperature regulation a. Storing heat b. moderates body temperature and climate
  1. Going outside when it is hot > sweat is produced
  2. or hold on to heat because it is cold c. 66% of our body is water

d. Water takes energy when it evaporates > evaporation cooling e. H bonds disrupted by:

  • temp
  • ph
  • salt concentration
  • physical sheering
  • ice is less dense than liquid water a. H-bonds hold molecules in ice b. farther apart than liquid water c. lattice structure > air inbetween d. liquid water is more dense than solid ice
  • Water in the body a. Female : 45% solid and 55% fluid b. Males: 40% solid and 60% fluid c. Fluid: extracellular - ⅓ and intracellular - ⅔

d. fluid acts a lubricant between tissue and organs

  • Intracellular space: within cells
  • extracellular space: outside cells A. Plasma/vascular fluid: water in bloodstream B. Interstitial fluid: water in between cells
  • Water intake and output: Intake a. 90% intake comes from food and beverage b. 10% comes from metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation) Output a. 60% urine b. 28% lungs c. 8% sweat d. 4% feces
  • Charged solutes in water > hydration spheres a. Ca +2, Na+1, HCO-13, ect…
  • Electrolytes: carry a charge a. Minerals, all acids, and bases, some prt. b. Greatly affect osmotic power c. water goes towards solute
  • Non electrolyte: no electrical charge a. Glucose, lipids, ect… b. affect osmosis to lesser extend
  • Extracellular a. K+, P, and HPO-
  • intracellular a. Na+, and Cl- Goal inside and outside: regulate environment - homeostasis for cellular function
  • Na+ plays a pivotal role in osmotic regulation
  • water osmotically pulled to wherever there is more: Na+, Cl-, Glu, and albumin
  • Isotnic: equal solute concentration, cell remains the same (RBC)

use milleosmal for pressure in concentrations