Napoleon Bonaparte – When: 1799 – 1815 Who:

Emperor of France. Military genius Where: France

Congress of Vienna – When: 1814-1815 Who:

Tries Erase Revolution from France

League of Nations – When: 1920 Who:

Association of States set up after WWI to resolve

international conflicts through open & Peaceful

negotiation. Where: Paris

Gallipoli – When: 1915-1916 Who: Ottoman

Empire and Britain. British defeated Ottomans –

War at Sea. British Naval Blockadge. German use

of Submarines. Where: Ottoman Empire

Conservatism – When: 19th Century Who:

Ideology intended to prevent a recurrence of the

revolutionary changes of the 1790’s and the

implementation of liberal policies. Where: France

Spinning Jenny – When: 1764 Who: Invention by

James Hargreaves that reduced the effort of

producing yearn. Could work with 8 or more

spools at one time. Allowed small child to replace

and out produce workers. Where: Britain

Turnpikes – When: 1706 Who: Toll roads enabled

by Parliament to collect funds used to maintain

them 18th and 19th centuries. Where: Britain

Division of Labor – When: 1750 (Industrial

Revolution) Who: Shift from handicraft to

industrial production: from individual production

to organized production: human labor power

leveraged by technology: means that the amount of

labor can generate more goods. Where: Britain

Putting-Out System – When: Who: Simple,

decentralized method of producing manu. Goods.

Materials was distributed to home workers to

create products. Main precursor to the factory.

Allowed for econ growth during Indust. Rev prior

to factory. Where: Britain

Supply and Demand – Amount of desire for a

product and its availability affects the price

A Christmas Carol – When: 1843 Who: Charles

Dickens. Tells story and life during

industrialization Where: Britain

Robert Owen – When: 1771-1858 Who: Social

reformer that helped found utopian socialism and

the cooperative movement. Where: Britain

Trade Unionism – When: Late 1700’s Who: The

uniting of workers and union leaders in a particular

trade. Used to protect and promote their common

interest. Negotiate pay, benefits, working

conditions, etc.

Karl Marx & Fredrich Engles – When: 1848

Who: Wrote Communist manifesto. Idea of stages

in History. Model of eventual classless society.

The Communist Manifesto – When: 1848 Who:

Marx & Engels’ call to action promoting

communism – classless society. Where: Germany

Camilo Cavour – When: 1861 Who: Conservative

aristocratic Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia

under Victor Emmanuel II. (Forged the kingdom of

Italy 1861) Founder of the Italian Liberal Party.

Maneuvered Piedmont to be powerful. Where:

Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi – When: 1807-1882. Who:

Romantic Nationalist, Italian revolutionary and

politician who fought to unify Italy. (Southern Italy

and Cicily) Led nationalist soldiers to capture

Sicily. (Known as red shirts Voters gave him

power to unify Piedmont-sardinia (1807-1882).

Guerilla warefare Where: Southern Italy

Zollverein – When: Who: Free-trade zone

including all German states (Except Austria).

Prussia went to great lengths to exclude the

Austrians from the econmic union. Where: Why:

Otto Von Bismarck – When: 1867 Who: Creates

North German Confederation. Starts Franco

Prussian War (1870-71) by setting up Napleon III

with a pamphlet making him declare war. German

statesman who unified German states into a

powerful empire. Where: Germany

social groupsWhere: Why:

Kaiser Wilhelm II – When: 1888-1918 Who: German

Emperor, through aggressive military and imperial

expansion, he wanted to identify a common German

national identity among his

Franco-Prussian War – When: 1870-1871 Who: War

between France and Prussia. Unified against French

Enemy and resulted in France’s loss of key territories.

France lost due to Prussian Army’s superior use of

railroads to mobilize troops. Where: France & Prussia.

Realpolitik – When: 1848 Who: Policies developed

after the revolution of 1848 and initially associated with

nation building; they were based on realism rather than

on romantic notions of earlier nationalists. The term has

come to mean any policy based on considerations of

power alone, with a sole interest on the benefit of the

state. Where: Germany

Mauve – When: 1855 Who: 1st synthetic organic

colorant produced by William Perkins (1855) became

popular when Queen Victoria decided to wear a Mauve

dress to daughter’s wedding. Where: Britain

Scramble for Africa – When: 1881-1914 Who: French

British & Dutch. Where: Inland Africa

The Russian Revolution

Weaknesses of Russia

Late to industrialize (1880’s)

Creation of Industrial Proletariat (3 million by 1900)

1861 Serfs Freed

Failure of Reforms

Early Revolutionaries

1901 Social revolution

1903 Constitutional democratic party

(Cadets)

1898 Russian Social Democratic Party

(Communists)

1903 Split in Mensheviks and

Bolsheviks

Revolution of 1905

After defeat in Russo-Japanese War

Soviets Revolt in St. Petersburg

Czar issues October Manifesto Promised

reforms

Duma formed in 1906 (Legislative body)

First World War and Russian Revolution

1914-1916 War Goes Poorly for Russia

1916 Czar Disbands Duma (Czar =

Absolutist Monarch)

Czar Nicholas II No great leader

March, 1917 Strikes and Riots, Czar

Abdicates

In Russia – Stalin Established totalitarian state to

promote communist and nationalist agenda

The Soviet Union

Early Bolshevik Rule:

Democratic but minority rule

Lenin’s New Economic Policy (1921-1929)

Sailor Mutiny in 1921: Over rationing

Moderate Reform

Nationalize Banking, Heavy Industry,

Transportation and National Commerce

Land and Small Business Stay = Private Ownership

Social Reform:

Attempt to Raise status of Women

Legalized divorce contraception, abortion

Plan to nationalize domestic tasks

Trotsky wanted rapid industrialization and form

collectivization

Stalin supported Lenin’s policy

Lenin Died 1922, Stalin Takes over

Stalin’s Five-Year Plans (1928+)

Mussolini’s Rise to power

Son of a Blacksmith (1883-1945)

1921 Elected to Italian Parliament

1922 Fasci March on Rome; King made Mussolini

Prime Minister

Mussolini as Fascist Dictator

In 1922 Made temporary Dictator

1926 Fasci Gain Control of Parliament

Formal Empires

Direct Colonial Control

Limited Before 1870

Guarantee Trade Monopoly

Expensive to Run and Garrison

French Algeria:

Colonized in 1830

Became part of France in 1848

British India:

Colonized in 1700’s

British East India Company

The Indian Mutiny, 1857 (By Hindu

Soldiers)

1885 Direch British Control of Much of

India

Informal Control over rest

New Imperialism was a program of new

direct/formal

Colonization by industrial European

nations in response to economic problems; it

was further fueled by irrational motives

such as nationalism, racism, cultural supremacy,

and religious bigotry.

The Second Industrial Revolution, 1870+

1750-1870 (First industrial revolution)

After 1870 new nations industrialize

New products (Heavy Industrialization)

Steel, Chemicals, Electricity,

Petroleum

Leads to New Products

End of Free trade in much of Europe

Due to saturated Markets

To Promote Home Industry

In All Major Powers but Britain

The Great Depression 1873-1895

Europe suffers a series of Economic Crises.

Not always Europe wide but continuous

Caused by overproduction and saturation

of Markets

“Mature Industrialization”

Europeans need new markets to Expand

into Prices, Interest Rates, and Profits Falling

Social Problems in Europe

Worker unrest: strikes

Rising Power of Socialism

Persistence of Poverty

Results in Immigration out of Europe

The Ideas of The New Imperialism

Get new colonies to export goods to most

of Europe

Had few colonies

Direct/Formal colonies instead of Informal

Goal of colonies for monopoly of Trade

Motivations for Europeans

Economics: New Markets to export goods

Explained by Lenin in Book:

Imperialism, The Highest Stage of Capitalism

Capitalism needs to expand to survive

The More Colonies Equals More Exports

Nationalism: National Prestige From Colonies

Europe Dominated by Nation-States

Stress Superiority of Each Nation-States

Colonies as a status symbol of Power

Irrational Motivation

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Napoleon Bonaparte – When: 1799 – 1815 Who: Emperor of France. Military genius Where: France Congress of Vienna – When: 1814-1815 Who: Tries Erase Revolution from France League of Nations – When: 1920 Who: Association of States set up after WWI to resolve international conflicts through open & Peaceful negotiation. Where: Paris Gallipoli – When: 1915-1916 Who: Ottoman Empire and Britain. British defeated Ottomans – War at Sea. British Naval Blockadge. German use of Submarines. Where: Ottoman Empire Conservatism – When: 19th^ Century Who: Ideology intended to prevent a recurrence of the revolutionary changes of the 1790’s and the implementation of liberal policies. Where: France Spinning Jenny – When: 1764 Who: Invention by James Hargreaves that reduced the effort of producing yearn. Could work with 8 or more spools at one time. Allowed small child to replace and out produce workers. Where: Britain Turnpikes – When: 1706 Who: Toll roads enabled by Parliament to collect funds used to maintain them 18th^ and 19th^ centuries. Where: Britain Division of Labor – When: 1750 (Industrial Revolution) Who: Shift from handicraft to industrial production: from individual production to organized production: human labor power leveraged by technology: means that the amount of labor can generate more goods. Where: Britain Putting-Out System – When: Who: Simple, decentralized method of producing manu. Goods. Materials was distributed to home workers to create products. Main precursor to the factory. Allowed for econ growth during Indust. Rev prior to factory. Where: Britain Supply and Demand – Amount of desire for a product and its availability affects the price A Christmas Carol – When: 1843 Who: Charles Dickens. Tells story and life during industrialization Where: Britain Robert Owen – When: 1771-1858 Who: Social reformer that helped found utopian socialism and the cooperative movement. Where: Britain Trade Unionism – When: Late 1700’s Who: The uniting of workers and union leaders in a particular trade. Used to protect and promote their common interest. Negotiate pay, benefits, working conditions, etc. Karl Marx & Fredrich Engles – When: 1848 Who: Wrote Communist manifesto. Idea of stages in History. Model of eventual classless society. The Communist Manifesto – When: 1848 Who: Marx & Engels’ call to action promoting communism – classless society. Where: Germany Camilo Cavour – When: 1861 Who: Conservative aristocratic Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia under Victor Emmanuel II. (Forged the kingdom of Italy 1861) Founder of the Italian Liberal Party. Maneuvered Piedmont to be powerful. Where: Italy Giuseppe Garibaldi – When: 1807-1882. Who: Romantic Nationalist, Italian revolutionary and politician who fought to unify Italy. (Southern Italy and Cicily) Led nationalist soldiers to capture Sicily. (Known as red shirts Voters gave him power to unify Piedmont-sardinia (1807-1882). Guerilla warefare Where: Southern Italy Zollverein – When: Who: Free-trade zone including all German states (Except Austria). Prussia went to great lengths to exclude the Austrians from the econmic union. Where: Why: Otto Von Bismarck – When: 1867 Who: Creates North German Confederation. Starts Franco Prussian War (1870-71) by setting up Napleon III with a pamphlet making him declare war. German statesman who unified German states into a powerful empire. Where: Germany social groupsWhere: Why: Kaiser Wilhelm II – When: 1888-1918 Who: German Emperor, through aggressive military and imperial expansion, he wanted to identify a common German national identity among his Franco-Prussian War – When: 1870-1871 Who: War between France and Prussia. Unified against French Enemy and resulted in France’s loss of key territories. France lost due to Prussian Army’s superior use of railroads to mobilize troops. Where: France & Prussia. Realpolitik – When: 1848 Who: Policies developed after the revolution of 1848 and initially associated with nation building; they were based on realism rather than on romantic notions of earlier nationalists. The term has come to mean any policy based on considerations of power alone, with a sole interest on the benefit of the state. Where: Germany Mauve – When: 1855 Who: 1st^ synthetic organic colorant produced by William Perkins (1855) became popular when Queen Victoria decided to wear a Mauve dress to daughter’s wedding. Where: Britain Scramble for Africa – When: 1881-1914 Who: French British & Dutch. Where: Inland Africa The Russian Revolution Weaknesses of Russia Late to industrialize (1880’s) Creation of Industrial Proletariat (3 million by 1900) 1861 Serfs Freed Failure of Reforms Early Revolutionaries 1901 Social revolution 1903 Constitutional democratic party (Cadets) 1898 Russian Social Democratic Party (Communists) 1903 Split in Mensheviks and Bolsheviks Revolution of 1905 After defeat in Russo-Japanese War Soviets Revolt in St. Petersburg Czar issues October Manifesto Promised reforms Duma formed in 1906 (Legislative body) First World War and Russian Revolution 1914-1916 War Goes Poorly for Russia 1916 Czar Disbands Duma (Czar = Absolutist Monarch) Czar Nicholas II No great leader March, 1917 Strikes and Riots, Czar Abdicates In Russia – Stalin Established totalitarian state to promote communist and nationalist agenda The Soviet Union Early Bolshevik Rule: Democratic but minority rule Lenin’s New Economic Policy (1921-1929) Sailor Mutiny in 1921: Over rationing Moderate Reform Nationalize Banking, Heavy Industry, Transportation and National Commerce Land and Small Business Stay = Private Ownership Social Reform: Attempt to Raise status of Women Legalized divorce contraception, abortion Plan to nationalize domestic tasks Trotsky wanted rapid industrialization and form collectivization Stalin supported Lenin’s policy Lenin Died 1922, Stalin Takes over Stalin’s Five-Year Plans (1928+) Mussolini’s Rise to power Son of a Blacksmith (1883-1945) 1921 Elected to Italian Parliament 1922 Fasci March on Rome; King made Mussolini Prime Minister Mussolini as Fascist Dictator In 1922 Made temporary Dictator 1926 Fasci Gain Control of Parliament Formal Empires Direct Colonial Control Limited Before 1870 Guarantee Trade Monopoly Expensive to Run and Garrison French Algeria: Colonized in 1830 Became part of France in 1848 British India: Colonized in 1700’s British East India Company The Indian Mutiny, 1857 (By Hindu Soldiers) 1885 Direch British Control of Much of India Informal Control over rest New Imperialism was a program of new direct/formal Colonization by industrial European nations in response to economic problems; it was further fueled by irrational motives such as nationalism, racism, cultural supremacy, and religious bigotry. The Second Industrial Revolution, 1870+ 1750-1870 (First industrial revolution) After 1870 new nations industrialize New products (Heavy Industrialization) Steel, Chemicals, Electricity, Petroleum Leads to New Products End of Free trade in much of Europe Due to saturated Markets To Promote Home Industry In All Major Powers but Britain The Great Depression 1873- Europe suffers a series of Economic Crises. Not always Europe wide but continuous Caused by overproduction and saturation of Markets “Mature Industrialization” Europeans need new markets to Expand into Prices, Interest Rates, and Profits Falling Social Problems in Europe Worker unrest: strikes Rising Power of Socialism Persistence of Poverty Results in Immigration out of Europe The Ideas of The New Imperialism Get new colonies to export goods to most of Europe Had few colonies Direct/Formal colonies instead of Informal Goal of colonies for monopoly of Trade Motivations for Europeans Economics: New Markets to export goods Explained by Lenin in Book: Imperialism, The Highest Stage of Capitalism Capitalism needs to expand to survive The More Colonies Equals More Exports Nationalism: National Prestige From Colonies Europe Dominated by Nation-States Stress Superiority of Each Nation-States Colonies as a status symbol of Power Irrational Motivation

1. The end of the First World War was supposed to usher in a new era of peace, prosperity, antinationalism, liberal-democracy, and the dismantling of European empires. Did it? What political ideologies, national revolutions and economic challenges developed after 1917 that led to the Second World War? No. WWII Happened shortly after because of World War One. Nationalism was the main reason. (See Number 3 & 5). Great Depressions. Treaty of Versailles put blame on Germany for WWI and destroyed German currency and economy. Germans were lead by Hitler who said they could regain superiority by following Nazism (20th^ century political ideology that adopted many fascist ideas but with a central focus on racism and particularly anti-Semitism. Hitler said Jews ruined the nation and that they must be eradicated. People were motivated to make Germany the greatest country. This was also led by cultural superiority. Communism also spread in Russia during the Russian Revolution, this led to economic superiority among the Russians and seen as a threat to other countries. Hyperinflation in 1923 in Germany led to the rise of Hitler. The Treaty of Versailles (June 28, 1919) Triple entente made peace with Germany. Anti-German Treaty. Germany Lost land, people, wealth. Germany forbidden to Unify with Austria. Germany Military Reduced. Germany forced to admit war guilt. Germany to pay reparations. Harshness promotes German resentment. Italian and German Fascism caused and supported by similar reasons: Anti- Communist response, Class motivated response (Middle and Upper), Gave people lives’ higher meaning (to state), Men Promoted over Women, Response to Economic Problems, Alternate to Failed Liberal democracy, Nationalist Pride (Germany also Racism). 2. How did living and working conditions, political rights, and national obligations for service change for the average working class citizen between 1830 and 1950? Did the rise of mass societies benefit the actual masses, or not? Explain both in general, and specifically in regards to the various members of the Cratchit family from A Christmas Carol. The book is an indictment of the abuses of the Industrial Revolution. Workers with no security, massive unemployment, hunger and lack of other necessities (remember the men asking Scrooge for a donation to help the poor, his answers were how the rich factory owners and the nobility responded to the situation). Scrooge's conversion from a hard hearted "owner" to a philanthropic business man, was Dickens plea to England's rich to take care of the workers... It was also a subtle warning of revolution if the situation were ignored. The Industrial Revolution brought many people from the countryside into the city of London, and this growing urban population brought with it squalid conditions and mistreatment of children who were made to work, as well. There were debtors' prisoners and many homeless and orphaned. In fact, Dickens was himself one of these children who had to work because his father was in debtors' prison. Dickens alludes to these social problems of his beloved London. Portraying Scrooge as the aloof miser, who gives no thought of the plight of the poor. Ash in the Air in London. Bob Cratchit - Scrooge's clerk, a kind, mild, and very poor man with a large family. Though treated harshly by his boss, Cratchit remains a humble and dedicated employee. Tiny Tim - Bob Cratchit's young son, crippled from birth. Tiny Tim is a highly sentimentalized character who Dickens uses to highlight the tribulations of England's poor and to elicit sympathy from his middle and upper class readership. Jacob Marley - In the living world, Ebenezer Scrooge's equally greedy partner. Marley died seven years before the narrative opens. He appears to Scrooge as a ghost condemned to wander the world bound in heavy chains. Marley hopes to save his old partner from suffering a similar fate. Peter Cratchit - Bob's oldest son, who inherits his father's stiff-collared shirt for Christmas. Martha Cratchit - Bob's oldest daughter, who works in a milliner's shop. (A milliner is a person who designs, produces, and sells hats.) Mrs. Cratchit - Bob's wife, a kind and loving woman. 3. A number of new political ideologies (‘isms) developed due to the French and Industrial Revolutions. Identify and discuss at least four and explain which one had the most significant impact on European & Western society between 1815 and 1950. You may NOT use Nationalism in this question!) Fascism – Ideology that rejected the existing alternatives of conservatism, communism, socialism, and liberalism. Fascists stressed the authoritarian power of the state, the efficacy of violent action, the need to build a national community, and the use of new technologies of influence and control. Influenced by Social Darwinism; Mussolini believed that nations, like species, competed for survival in a hostile world. Mussolini leveraged fascism against socialism. Made it seemed like Fascism would save Italy from becoming another Russian socialist state. Allowed Germany to rise during a time where many European nations placed the blame of World War I on Germany. Germany also thrived during a time where most European nations were not thriving. Led to totalitarian control and high interest and motivation to create a powerful state. Communism – The revolutionary form of socialism ( Socialism – An ideology calling for the ownership of the means of production by the community with the purpose of reducing inequalities of income, wealth, opportunity and economic power.) developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that promoted the overthrow of bourgeois or capitalist institutions and the establishment of a dictatorship of the proletariat. Allowed Russia to industrialize rapidly during rough economic times of the great depression. Made them into a powerful force, which eventually led to victory in World War II. Liberalism – An ideology based on the conviction that individual freedom is of supreme importance and the main responsibility of government is to protect that freedom. Laissez-fair (Principle that governments should not regulate or otherwise intervene in the economy unless it is necessary to protect property rights and public order.) Liberalism is anchored in the belief that the main function of government is to promote political, social, and economic freedom. Opposed to aristocratic privilege and anticlerical. Opposed vote or any political power to women. Promoted free trade with other nations. Benefited the urban middle class the most – these people formed the group that felt most aggrieved by their exclusion from political life during the eighteenth and early 19th^ centuries and most eager to have government protect their privacy. Although wasn’t seen as the most influential or best ideology, it did give power to the middle class and challenge monarchy and played a major role in the French Revolutions. World War I reduced the influence of liberalism and the enlightenment in Europe. Established the world wide precedent of total war. Started a period of political instability that lasted till the end of cold war but Solved nothing! All problems still there. Liberalism was a vision of society promoted by industrial middle class as it gave them greater political and economic power. Most successful in Britain; less so in continental Europe. Imperialism – A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or militaristic force. Cultural Imperialism: Sense of Cultural Superiority. Used in conjunction with social Darwinism, (application of the theory of evolution to entire human societies). Europeans used social Darwinism as a way to justify imperialism. Implementation of Imperialism. Prior to 1880 few colonies in Africa, By 1914 all but Liberia and Ethiopia are Colonies. Berlin conference of 1884; Europeans divide up Africa. French Concentrate in West Africa, British in East, Egypt to South Africa. Minor Colonies for Germany, Italy, Portugal, Belgium, and Spain. Bismark became pro-colony to strengthen German diplomatic power in Europe. New Imperialism was a reaction to European economic stagnation and depression. It sought to find new monopolistic markets for export through direct/formal colonies. Imperialism was fueled by irrational motives such as nationalism, racism, cultural superiority, and religious bigotry. A 100-year nightmare for the Africans. Most significant because it led to European expansion which then lead to Fascism and Communism. Perhaps these two other theories wouldn’t have created if it weren’t for imperialism. Also, communism and fascism contain imperialism. We could see Hitler wanted to expand his Nazi regime across Europe. 4. How the Industrial Revolution (1750 – 1870) and the Second Industrial Revolution (After 1870) impact the continent of Europe and its empires socially, politically, and economically between 1800 and 1918? Shift from handicraft to industrial production: from individual production to organized production: human labor power leveraged by technology: means that the amount of labor can generate more goods. Assembly line style. Rise in productivity means profit increase, thus reinvesting to generate more business. First = Went from hand to machine. Mass produced textiles. Water, coal, steam for power sources. Steam engine. Invented Spinning Jenny, Water Frame, Spinning Mule, Cotton Gin. Standards of living were awful. Second = Increased automation. Mass produced Steel. Petroleum & Electricity for power sources. Internal combustion engines. Automobiles, chemicals, railroads. Standards of living are still bad but there are sewers in major cities, and an expansion of the middle class. Still bad time for poor people. Socially - Standards of living weren’t good. Education became more prevalent. Death rates decrease, birth rates increase. Population doubled from 1700 – 1801. Politically - power depended on industrial needs – Scramble of Africa. Creates excess foods. As we see in other revolutions and battles, food shortages are common causes. Having food can lead to political power. Increased need for land. Economically , economies of scale helped make things mass-produced and sold. Countries who could mass-produced helped their economy. Check was invented, thus creating capital surplus in Britain. 5. Nationalism acted as both a constructive and destructive force after 1789. Define it, and explain how it impacted European society between 1815 and 1940. Use specific examples to back up your argument. Nationalism – The belief that the people who form a nation should have their own political institutions and that the interests of the nation should be defended and promoted at all costs. Constructive: Helped nations seek to build themselves up and not rely on other nations. Destructive: Made nations compete for superiority and created classes of nations. When one nation was superior than the other, it would be taken over and conquered (German to Poland, Austria, Czech, etc.) Cons: Can lead to war (WWI Franz Ferdinand assassination, WWII Hitler's Lebensraum). Can cause discrimination towards other groups (genocides). Can cause people to turn against one another (French Rev.). Causes public upheaval (French Rev.) Pros: Generates pride in a nation (fascist countries like Italy, Nazi Germany). Source of unity (country like Canada united by common values and national pride). Source of security (being part of a group makes one feel more secure than if they were on their own eg. any nation I guess)

The Rise of Nationalism and Imperialism in Europe: 1830-1950 - Prof. Jodie A. Kreider, Study notes of Cultural History of Europe

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