European History: From the Congress of Vienna to the End of World War II - Prof. Jodie A. , Study notes of Cultural History of Europe

Congress of Vienna – (1814-1815) conference of major European powers to est. a new balance of power at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Face-to-face negotiations

between the great powers to settle the boundaries of European states and determine who would rule each nation after the defeat of Napoleon. Goal was to achieve postwar

stability by establishing secure states with guaranteed borders, but this was not always feasible due to the complexity of politics and multiple claims to the same territory.

Resolved various international trade issues, agreeing to the abolishment of the slave trade. Created conservatism, which gave people reasons to trust in their governments.

League of Nations – association of states set up after WWI to resolve international conflicts through open and peaceful negotiation. Gallipoli – British and French military

campaign that took place on the Gallipoli peninsula between april 1915 and jan 1916. Aimed to secure a sea route to Russia. Fought against the Ottomans. Resulted in great

casualties of Australian and New Zealand troops. “Anzac Day” Romanticism – artist and literary movement in the late 18th and 19th centuries that involve a protest against

against classicism, appealed to the passions rather than he intellect, and emphasized the beauty and power of nature Conservatism - A 19th century ideology intended to

prevent a recurrence of the revolutionary changes of the 1790s and the implementation of liberal policies. Liberalism – An ideology based on the conviction that individual

metal manufacture, transportation, economic policies and the social structure in England. Spinning Jenny – 1764 british invention by James Hargreaves. Reduced the effort of

producing yarn. Could work with 8 or more spools at one time. When combined with the engines produced in the Industrial Revolution, this allowed a small child to replace

and outproduce a skilled weaver. Turnpikes – toll roads enabled by Parliament to collect funds used to maintain them 18th and 19th centuries. Division of labor - Putting-out

system - simple, decentralized method of producing manufactured goods. Materials was distributed to home workers to create products. Main precursor to the

factory. Allowed for economic growth during the industrial revolution prior to the factory. Supply and demand – the amount of desire for a product and its availability

affects the price. A Christmas Carol – written by Charles Dickens in 1843. Robert Owen – (1771-1858) social reformer that helped found utopian socialism and the cooperative

movement. Trade unionism – the uniting of workers and union leaders in a particular trade, used to protect and promote their common interests. (Negotiate pay, benefits,

working conditions, ect.) Karl Marx &Friedrich Engels – Developed the radical form of socialism, communism. They concluded that history advances through a process they

called the dialect. The Communist Manifesto – (1848) Marx & Engels’ call to action promoting Communism (the overthrowing of “bourgeois” or capitalist institutions &

thetransfer of political power to the proletariat. Hence create a “classless” society. Camilo Cavour – Conservative aristocratic Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia under

Provoked war with France to unite all Germans. Created strong authoritarian regime. Kaiser Wilhelm II - German Emperor, fired Bismarck r. (1888-1918), through aggressive

military and imperial expansion he wanted to identify a common German national identity among his social groups. Revanchism – Seeking colonial territories abroad to make

up for the loss of national territory. Rooted in wounded national pride. Franco-Prussian War – (1870-1871). War between France and Prussia. Unified Germany against French

enemy and resulted in France's loss of key territories (Lorraine and Alsace). France lost due to Prussian army's superior use of railroads to mobilize troops. Prussian side led by

Bismarck. Realpolitik cartels - Policies developed after the revolutions of 1848 and initially associated with nation building; they were based on realism rather than on the

romantic notions of earlier nationalists. The term has come to mean any policy based on considerations of power alone, with a sole interest on the benefit of the state. Second

Industrial Revolution – led by US and Germany, advancements in chemical and auto industries, electricity and oil energy sources, internal combustion engine Mauve – 1st

synthetic organic colorant produced by William Perkins (1855), Became popular when Queen Victoria decided to wear a mauve dress to her daughter’s wedding. Suffragettes

– women in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that fought for women’s suffrage. Leaders in pushing for women’s rights to vote. Eventually successful. Fashoda – (1898)

British and French railways through the Sahara crossed at Fashoda, met to determine which country got the right of way. Almost caused a European war between the two

by both sides, including a vicious scorched earth policy and the use of concentration camps. Made the practice of imperialism lose its appeal. Russo-Japanese War – (1904-

1905). Conflict between Russia and Japan. Japan won, humiliating Russia. Russia loses Manchuria and Japan wins control of Korea. First major defeat of Western power by

Eastern empire. Revolution of 1905 – Started from a peaceful protest on Jan. 22nd led by the Russian Orthodox priest, Father Gapon, in St. Petersburg to protest their lifestyle.

Nervous troops at the Winter Place shot at the protestors killing several hundred. (Bloody Sunday) Revolutionary parties claimed thousands had been killed. The news cause

peasants to attack the homes of their landlords, Grand Duke Sergei, tsar Nicholas’ uncle was assassinated, ground transportation halted. (Protestors now called for freedom of

speech, an elected parliament (Duma), and the right to form political parties. Finns and Poles demanded their right for national independence. Strike started in Oct in Moscow

(students, factory workers, revolutionaries, doctors, teachers). Nicholas issued the October Manifesto to appease the protestors then took loyal European Russian troops

returning from the Russo-Japanese war to put an end to the Revolution. Plan XVII – France’s offensive plan in 1913 to recapture the territory of Alsace and Lorraine from the

Germans. France underestimated Germany’s use of reserve troops and their Schlieffen Plan. France failed to capture the territories and in turn were put on the defensive.

Schlieffen Plan – Germany’s offensive and defensive plan against France in the west and Russia in the east. Sent a large number of Germany troops from Belgium into France

significantly. (Especially for British troops at the battle of the Somme.) trench warfare – a style of warfare where the lines of battle are run with trenches often close to the

opposing forces’. The superior firepower made available through the industrial revolution led to this digging in to be necessary. Prominently seen during WWI on the western

front. attrition – The gradual reduction or weakening. Used in warfare to try to wear down the enemy’s personnel and material. Best example was the trench warfare fought

during WWI on the western front. T.E. Lawrence – Became known as “Lawrence of Arabia” British Army officer renowned for his role in helping the Arabs defeat the Ottoman

Turks during WWI. Charles Darwin – English naturalist, popularized the theory of evolution by natural selection, published On the Origin of the Species 1850 theory of the

survival of the fittest. Species that adapted well to their environment survived, reproduced, and flourished. Whereas those who did not became extinct. Social Darwinism –

Herbert Spencer used Charles Darwin The application of evolutionary language to social problems. Grew in popularity during the late 1800s as a justification of imperialism.

Used to justify higherachies (race, class) Skin color marked superiority. Racism becomes imbedded in European society. Was adapted to explain the development of human

societies. Albert Einstein Berlin Conference – (1884-1885) 14 European nations met in order to determine how Africa would be divided up between them. Easter Rising 1916

– (1916) Dublin, Pivotal event in Irish history and Their fight for independence. Treaty of Brest Litovsk - (1918) Treaty between the new Soviet government and the central