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Wilhelm Wundt
Founder of psychology Performed the first experiment of
hearing a bell ring
TERM 2
Sigmund Freud
DEFINITION 2
Stated that all is in the unconscious implicit association test
TERM 3
Structuralism
DEFINITION 3
Task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into basic
elements
TERM 4
Functionalism
DEFINITION 4
Psychology should investigate functions of consciousness
William James
TERM 5
behaviorism
DEFINITION 5
scientific psychology should study only observable behavior
John Watson
Skinner
Found that organisms repeat responses that lead to positive
outcomes
TERM 7
humanism
DEFINITION 7
Carl Rogers Emphasizes the unique qualities of humans,
especially free will
TERM 8
case study
DEFINITION 8
in depth investigation of an individual subject
TERM 9
naturalistic observation
DEFINITION 9
researcher engages in careful observation of behavior
without intervening with subjects
TERM 10
survey
DEFINITION 10
use of questionnaires or interviews to gather information
placebo effects
participants' expectations lead them to experience some
change even though they receive fake treatment
TERM 17
experimenter bias
DEFINITION 17
Researcher's expectations about the outcome influence the
results obtained
TERM 18
correlation coefficient
DEFINITION 18
Numerical index of the degree of relationship between 2
variables; ranges from -1 to +
TERM 19
antecdotal evidence
DEFINITION 19
Personal stories about specific incidents and experiments
TERM 20
Gregor Mendel
DEFINITION 20
Performed pea plant experiments Discovered how genes are
passed from parents to offspring
eugenics
Attempting to improve human species by selective breeding
TERM 22
gene therapy
DEFINITION 22
Normal genes are transplanted into humans carrying
defective copies as a means for treating genetic diseases
TERM 23
cross-sectional study
DEFINITION 23
Compares groups of individuals of different ages at the same
time
TERM 24
longitudinal study
DEFINITION 24
Follows a single group of individuals as they develop
TERM 25
sequential design
DEFINITION 25
Researchers start with groups of people at different ages who
are studied at the same time and are then studied at one or
more later times
organizing
Internal representation of an object is formed and a percept
of the external stimulus is developed
TERM 32
proximal stimuli
DEFINITION 32
Optical image at the sensory level can result in multiple
interpretations at the perceptual and identification levels
TERM 33
distal stimulus
DEFINITION 33
the physical object in the world
TERM 34
ambiguity
DEFINITION 34
a single image at the sensory level can result in multiple
interpretations at the perceptual and identification levels
TERM 35
illusions
DEFINITION 35
perceptual systems deceive you into experiencing a stimulus
pattern in a manner that is demonstratively incorrect
mind
that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the
seat of the faculty of reason
TERM 37
brain
DEFINITION 37
part of the central nervous system that includes all the
higher nervous centers
TERM 38
mental event
DEFINITION 38
Pain, love, redness, and beliefs
TERM 39
physical events
DEFINITION 39
Brain activity, neuronal activity, chemical activity
TERM 40
bottom-up processing
DEFINITION 40
goes from the senses to the brain
Myopia
Nearsightedness- image is focused in front of the retina;
glasses reduce the bending
TERM 47
Hyperopia
DEFINITION 47
Farsightedness- image is focused behind the retina; glasses
reduce the bending
TERM 48
Astigmatism
DEFINITION 48
Uneven curvature of the cornea
TERM 49
Presbyopia
DEFINITION 49
Hardening of the lens
TERM 50
Rods
DEFINITION 50
Support night vision scotopic
Cones
Support color vision and daylight vision Photopic vision
TERM 52
Flow of info from the eyes to the
brain
DEFINITION 52
LGN, striate cortex (V1), extrastriate cortex, dual streams
TERM 53
LGN
DEFINITION 53
Located in the thalamus; receives direct input from the eyes
Function: helps visual system in focusing on the relevant
information and filter out the irrelevant information
TERM 54
striate cortex (V1)
DEFINITION 54
First stage of neural processing in the brain; Receives input
from the LGN
TERM 55
Receptive field
DEFINITION 55
Window through which a particular neuron sees the world
Sound
Vibration transmitted through a solid, liquid, or gas
composed of frequencies within a range of hearing
TERM 62
Pure tone
DEFINITION 62
sound with energy at a single frequency
TERM 63
Complex tone
DEFINITION 63
Sound with energy at multiple frequencies
TERM 64
Tonotopic
mapping
DEFINITION 64
Sounds that are similar in frequency are encoded by
neighboring hair cells triggering a physiological response
TERM 65
Types of receptors
DEFINITION 65
Mechanoreceptor- touch Thermoreceptor- heat
Nocioreceptor- pain
Proprioception
"Body sense" bout the skin and body
TERM 67
Mechanoreceptor types
DEFINITION 67
Merkel Meissner Ruffini Pacinian
TERM 68
Pain receptor types
DEFINITION 68
thermal, mechanical, chemical, sleeping/silent
TERM 69
Ansomnia
DEFINITION 69
Inability to smell
TERM 70
Odorant
DEFINITION 70
Physical substance that is capable of eliciting a response
