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neuron
Specialized nerve cell engaged in information processing. TERM 2
Central Nervous System CNS
DEFINITION 2 The brain and spinal cord that together mediate behavior. TERM 3
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
DEFINITION 3 All the neurons in the body located outside the brain and spinal cord; provides sensory and motor connections to and from the central nervous system. TERM 4
Dualism
DEFINITION 4 Philosophical position that holds that both a nonmaterial mind and a material body contribute to behavior. TERM 5
Phenotype
DEFINITION 5 Individual characteristics that can be seen or measured.
Genotype
Particular genetic makeup of an individual. TERM 7
Epigenetics
DEFINITION 7 Differences in gene expression related to environment and experience. TERM 8
Ganglia
DEFINITION 8 Collection of nerve cells that function somewhat like a brain. TERM 9
Aristotle
DEFINITION 9 Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Believed the brain cooled the blood; no role in producing behavior Psyche: Synonym for mind; an entity once proposed to be the source of human behavior The mind is a single entity having an autonomous existence The mind is completely and wholly separate from the body A manifestation of the soul that will survive the bodys death and return to the creator of your choice (Theological origins) TERM 10
Rene Descartes
DEFINITION 10 Dualism Mind regulates behavior by directing the flow of ventricular fluid to appropriate muscles
Central Nervous System functions on multiple
levels
simple animals such as worms have a spinal cord, moe complex animals such as fish have brainstem as well, and yet more complex animals have an evolved forebrain each new addition to CNS has added a new level of behavioral complexity without discarding previous levels of control TERM 17
The bran is both symmetrical and
asymmetrical
DEFINITION 17 The left and right hemispheres look like mirror images; they have some dissimilar features language is usually on the left side, and spatial functions are usually on the right TERM 18
Brain systems are organized both
hierarchially and parallel
DEFINITION 18 CNS comprises mult levels of functions, levels must be extensively interconnected to integrate their processing and create unified perceptions or movements subsystems of brain are organized into mult parallel paths conscious experiences are always unified TERM 19
Sensory and motor divisions exist throughout
the nervous system
DEFINITION 19 sensory and motor divisions in the somatic nervous system sensory and motor divisions in the CNS TERM 20
Sensory input to the brain is divided for object
recognition and motor control
DEFINITION 20 Dorsal and ventral processing streams in the visual system animals with complex brains evolved sep systems for producing movement towards objects and for recognizing them
Functions in the brain are both localized and
distributed
damage to a small brain region produces only focal symptoms massive brain damage is req to completely remove some functions a small injury could impair some aspect of language funtioning, but it would take widespread to comp move all language abilities TERM 22
Nervous system works by juxtaposing
excitation and inhibition
DEFINITION 22 all neurons have a spontaneous rate of activity that can be either increased (excitation) or decreased (inhibition) TERM 23
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
DEFINITION 23 Transmitting information The SNS is monitored and controlled by the CNSThe cranial nerves by the brainThe spinal nerves by the spinal cord segments conveys sensory information to the CNS and motor information from the CNS to the muscles. p and cranial nerves carrying sensory information to the CNS and motor instructions away from the CNS for movement transmits sensation, controls movement cranial nerves and spinal nerves TERM 24
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
DEFINITION 24 Sympathetic System Arouses the body for action (e.g., increase heart rate and blood pressure) Mediates the fight or flight response Parasympathetic System Opposite of sympathetic: prepares the body to rest and digest Reverses the fight or flight responses enables the CNS to govern the workings of the internal organs (e.g., heartbeat, respiration) Sympathetic System Arouses the body for action (e.g., increase heart rate and blood pressure) Mediates the fight or flight response Parasympathetic System Opposite of sympathetic: prepares the body to rest and digest Reverses the fight or flight responses balances internal functions-sympathetic division, arousing- parasympathetic division, calming TERM 25
Afferent
DEFINITION 25 Conducting toward a central nervous system structure.
Pia Matter
he fine vascular membrane that closely envelops the brain and spinal cord under the arachnoid and the dura mater. TERM 32
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
DEFINITION 32 the clear colourless fluid in the spaces inside and around the spinal cord and brain Abbreviation CSF Sodium chloride and other salts Fills the ventricles and circulates around the brain and spinal cord in the subarachnoid space (located between the arachnoid layer and the pia mater) Cushions the brain TERM 33
White matter
DEFINITION 33 Areas of the nervous system rich in fat-sheathed neural axons that form the connections between brain cells TERM 34
Gray Matter
DEFINITION 34 Areas of nercous system composed predominantly of cell bodies and capillary blood vessels that function either to collect and modify information or to support this activity TERM 35
Ventricles
DEFINITION 35 one of four cavities in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the brain and play a role in maintaining brain metabolism (cavities in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Two lateral ventricles (left and right) Third ventricle Fourth ventricle
Corpus Callosum
band of white matter containing about 200 million nerve fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres to provide a route for direct communication between them TERM 37
Axons
DEFINITION 37 Root or single fiber, of a neuron that carries messages to other neurons TERM 38
Superior Colliculus
DEFINITION 38 located on the dorsal surface of the brain stem. Unconscious visual input goes directly from the retina to the colliculus, and therefore implicates this neural tissue in navigational processing Output from the goes to motor centers responsible for orienting behaviors. TERM 39
Inferior Colliculus
DEFINITION 39 a distinctive hemispherical mass of nerves that forms the greater part of the back of the midbrain. The inferior colliculi function as an important auditory center and may participate in the integration of hearing reflexes. TERM 40
Forebrain
DEFINITION 40 Evolutionarily newest part of the brain coordinates advanced cognitive functions (thinking, planning, language) contains limbic system basal ganglia amd the neocortex Neocortex (cerebral cortex) Regulates various mental activities Basal Ganglia Control of voluntary movement Limbic System Regulates emotions and behaviors that create and require memory
Himppocampus
Mirror halves belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation. TERM 47
Amygdala
DEFINITION 47 an almond-shape set of neurons located deep in the brain's medial temporal lobe. key role in processing emotions TERM 48
Ipsilateral
DEFINITION 48 Located on or affecting the same side of the body. TERM 49
Contralateral
DEFINITION 49 Taking place or originating in a corresponding part on an opposite side. TERM 50
Optic flow
DEFINITION 50 pattern of apparent motion of objects, surfaces, and edges in a visual scene caused by the relative motion between an observer and the scene.
Auditory flow
efers to the sounds or words, spoken or not, that are associated with a memory and which emerge into awareness TERM 52
Blind spot
DEFINITION 52 scotoma, is an obscuration of the visual field. is the place in the visual field that corresponds to the lack of light-detecting photoreceptor cells on the optic disc of the retina where the optic nerve passes through it. TERM 53
Amacrine cells
DEFINITION 53 interneurons in the retina vertebrate retina are interneurons that interact at the second synaptic level of the vertically direct pathways consisting of the photoreceptor-bipolar-ganglion cell chain. They are synaptically active in the inner plexiform layer TERM 54
Receptive Field
DEFINITION 54 sensory neuron is a region of space in which the presence of a stimulus will alter the firing of that neuron. of rods and cones TERM 55
Sensory Receptors
DEFINITION 55 sensory nerve ending that responds to a stimulus in the internal or external environment of an organism.
Parvocellular cell
are neurons located within thelayers of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. project to themedian eminence, at the base of the brain, where their neurosecretory nerve terminals release peptides into blood vessels in thehypothalamo-pituitary portal system. TERM 62
Visual Thalamus
DEFINITION 62 regulates information transmission to the cortex and between cortical areas using a variety of mechanisms, including the modulation of response magnitude, firing mode, and synchrony of neurons according to behavioral demands TERM 63
Optic
Chiasm
DEFINITION 63 the part of the brain where the optic nerves (CN II) partially cross. located at the bottom of the brain immediately below thehypothalamus. TERM 64
Geniculostriate System
DEFINITION 64 DETECTION Information goes from the retina to Lateral Geniculate Nucleus [in the Thalamus] to STRIATE CORTEX [ALSO CALLED THE Primary Visual Cortex] then to V2 and V3. X and Y ganglion cells going to LGN Thalamus, going to Striate Cortex [V1] then going to Extra Striate Cortex [V2 and V3]. $$Fine-grained features; contrast perception, movement and colour. set of axonal connections that project from thelateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)of thethalamusto theprimary visual cortex. It is the single-greatest source of thalamic input to visual cortex and serves to relay visual information from retina to cortex. TERM 65
Striate Cortex
DEFINITION 65 the part of the occipital cortex that receives the fibers of the optic radiation from the lateral geniculate body and is the primary receptive area for vision
Tectopulvinar System
LOCALISATION OF OBJECTS IN SPACE. Pathway diverges from OPTIC CHIASM down the brain stem to Superior Colliculus to pulvinar in Thalamus; to visual cortex [Extra Striate V2 and V3. Has both X, Y and mainly W cells. $$Localisation of objects in space Eye movement guidance Gross pattern perception TERM 67
Retinohypothalamic Tract
DEFINITION 67 A monosynaptic neural projection that extends from theretinato the hypothalamus. originates from a subset ofretinal ganglion cells (RGCs). compared torod and cone photoreceptors, these photoreceptive cells are relatively insensitive to light. TERM 68
Visual Regions of the Occipital Lobe
DEFINITION 68 encompasses the posterior portion of the human cerebral cortex and is primarily responsible for vision. TERM 69
Facial Agnosia
DEFINITION 69 Patients cannot consciously recognize familiar faces, sometimes even including their own. TERM 70
Ocular-Dominance Column
DEFINITION 70 stripesofneuronsin thevisual cortexof certainmammals(includinghumans[1]) respond preferentially toinputfrom one eye or the other. span multiplecortical layers laid out in a striped pattern across the surface of thestriate cortex stripes lie perpendicular to theorientation columns.
Hearing Range
the measure of the status of hearing as read directly on the hearing loss scale of an audiometer TERM 77
Perception of sound
DEFINITION 77 when the brain recognizes and interprets a sound wave. TERM 78
Auditory Receptors
DEFINITION 78 cochlea scala vestibli scala media tectoral membrane inner hairs outer hairs basilar membrane TERM 79
Auditory Cortex
DEFINITION 79 part of the cerebral cortex that processes auditory information in humans and other vertebrates. TERM 80
Tonotopic
DEFINITION 80 patial arrangement of where sounds of different frequency are processed in the brain.
Detecting Loudness
the loudness of sound by detection of the wave's amplitude and the timbre of the sound by the detection of the various frequencies that make up a complex sound wave. TERM 82
Location and Patterns in Sound
DEFINITION 82 Two of the primary cues used to localize the sources of sounds are interaural level differences (ILDs) and interaural time differences (ITDs TERM 83
Broca's Area
DEFINITION 83 one of the main areas of thecerebral cortexresponsible for producing languagecan understand language but cannot properly form words or produce speech. TERM 84
Wernickes Area
DEFINITION 84 located on the temporal lobe on the left side of the brain is responsible for the comprehension of speech TERM 85
Huntington's Disease
DEFINITION 85 an inherited disease that causes the progressive breakdown (degeneration) of nerve cells in the brain. road impact on a person's functional abilities and usually results in movement, thinking (cognitive) and psychiatric disorders.
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
kind of synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential. Brief hyperpolarization of a neuron membrane in response to stimulation Neuron is less likely to produce an action potential TERM 92
Temporal summation
DEFINITION 92 another means of transmitting signals with increased frequency of impulse thus increasing the strength of signals in each fiber. The effect is generated by a singleneuronas a way of achievingaction potential. Pulses that occur at approximately the same time on a membrane are summed TERM 93
Transporters
DEFINITION 93 class ofmembrane transport proteinsthat span thecellular membranesof neurons. Their primary function is to carryneurotransmittersacross these membranes and to direct their further transport to specific intracellular locations TERM 94
Reuptake
DEFINITION 94 reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neurotransmitter transporter of a pre-synaptic neuron after it has performed its function of transmitting a neural impulse. impulse transmission across a synapse. TERM 95
Storage Granules
DEFINITION 95 membraneboundedvesiclescontaining condensedsecretorymaterials
Neurotransmitter
chemical messenger that carries, boosts and modulates signals betweenneuronsand other cells in the body. released from the axon terminal after anaction potentialhas reached the synapse. TERM 97
Dopaminergic system
DEFINITION 97 A monoamine neurotransmitter formed in the brain by the decarboxylation of dopa and essential to the normal functioning of the central nervous system. A reduction in its concentration within the brain is associated with Parkinson's disease. TERM 98
Serotonergic system
DEFINITION 98 An organic compound formed from tryptophan and found in animal and human tissue, especially the brain, blood serum, and gastric mucous membranes, and active in vasoconstriction, stimulation of the smooth muscles, transmission of impulses between nerve cells, and regulation of cyclic body processes. Also called5-hydroxytryptamine. TERM 99
Blood-brain barrier
DEFINITION 99 separation of circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS). semi-permeable; that is, it allows some materials to cross, but prevents others from crossing TERM 100
GABA
DEFINITION 100 class ofreceptorsthat respond to theneurotransmittergamma-aminobutyric acid the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in thevertebratecentral nervous system.
