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A comprehensive review of final exam questions for anatomy and physiology, focusing on key concepts related to tissues, skin, and bones. It covers various tissue types such as cartilage, epithelial, connective, and muscle tissues, detailing their characteristics and functions. Additionally, it explores skin layers, sensory receptors, and the effects of uv radiation, as well as bone structure, growth, and related conditions like osteoporosis. This review is designed to reinforce understanding and prepare students for their final exams, offering clear answers and explanations for each question. It serves as a valuable resource for students seeking to consolidate their knowledge and excel in their anatomy and physiology coursework. Structured as a question-and-answer format, making it easy to follow and understand the key concepts. It is suitable for high school and university students studying anatomy and physiology.
Typology: Exercises
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NOT found in cartilage but is found in bone: blood vessels. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Cartilage Exhibit a large amount of tensile strength because they possess collagen fibers. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Intervertebral discs Different from elastic cartilage or fibrocartilage because fibers are not normally visible. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Hyaline cartilage Most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelia is the Golgi apparatus. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Goblet cells Lines most of the respiratory tract. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium Serves as the universal packing material between other tissues. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Areolar connective tissue The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Collagen Shape maintained by elastic cartilage. - ANSWER>>>>>>>External ear Glands that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Endocrine glands Within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Chondroblasts Occurs when areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Edema Would tend to separate without intercalated discs. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Heart muscle cells Highly cellular and well vascularized. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Muscle tissue The three main components are ground substance, fibers, and cells. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Connective tissue components
'Blast' cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Stem cells of connective tissue Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Epithelia Commonly found wedged between goblet cells. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Simple columnar epithelial cells NOT a step in tissue repair: formation of new stem cells. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Tissue repair steps Likely function to hold the kidneys in place: adipose. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Tissue type holding kidneys Formed by many cells joining together: skeletal muscle. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Multinucleated tissue type Tissue type likely functions to add support: reticular. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Support to an organ A type of involuntary muscle found in the heart. - ANSWER>>>>>>>cardiac muscle A type of epithelium that can stretch and change shape. - ANSWER>>>>>>>transitional A type of epithelium consisting of multiple layers of cells that protect underlying tissues.
Carotene, which accumulates in the stratum corneum and hypodermal adipose tissue, is synthesized in large amounts in the presence of sunlight. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Carotene Accumulation The skin is protected by increasing the number of epidermal dendritic cells, which help to activate the immune system. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Epidermal Dendritic Cells Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Melanin Dispersion Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Skin Color Changes The skin and sclera of the eyes appears to have an abnormal, yellowish tint. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Liver Disease Indication A dendritic or Langerhans cell is a specialized phagocytic cell. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Dendritic Cell Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types: eccrine and apocrine.
Release of chemical signals by keratinocytes that have been damaged by UV light that will increase the production of melanin illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Chemical Signals by Keratinocytes Removal of nitrogenous compounds like urea within the sweat illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Nitrogenous Compounds Removal Which layer of skin is LEAST protected by melanin? - ANSWER>>>>>>>Least Protected Skin Layer The outermost layer of the epidermis. - ANSWER>>>>>>>stratum corneum The layer of the epidermis located above the stratum basale. - ANSWER>>>>>>>stratum spinosum The layer of the epidermis where keratinocytes begin to die and keratin is produced. - ANSWER>>>>>>>stratum granulosum A muscle that causes hair to stand on end, providing warmth. - ANSWER>>>>>>>arrector pili muscle A pigment that provides color to the skin and helps protect against UV radiation. - ANSWER>>>>>>>melanin Antimicrobial peptides secreted by skin cells to help fight infection. - ANSWER>>>>>>>defensins Lines in the skin along which cuts can heal more efficiently. - ANSWER>>>>>>>cleavage lines A cut that is painful but does not involve bleeding. - ANSWER>>>>>>>superficial cut A type of bone tissue that is dense and provides strength to support weight. - ANSWER>>>>>>>compact bone Bone marrow that contains a large percentage of fat. - ANSWER>>>>>>>yellow bone marrow The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone. - ANSWER>>>>>>>osteoblast Can cause inadequate calcification of bone and decreased epiphyseal plate activity. - ANSWER>>>>>>>growth hormone deficiency The shaft of a long bone. - ANSWER>>>>>>>diaphysis
C) bone formation - ANSWER>>>>>>>Ossification (Osteogenesis) C) growth hormone - ANSWER>>>>>>>Hormone of greatest importance for bone growth during infancy and childhood A) calcium and vitamin D - ANSWER>>>>>>>Prevention of osteoporosis A) fibrocartilage - ANSWER>>>>>>>Tissue connecting the two hip bones anteriorly during childbirth B) canaliculi - ANSWER>>>>>>>Structures that provide nutrients and remove wastes from osteocytes in compact bone D) osteocyte - ANSWER>>>>>>>Osteoblast surrounded by its own matrix secretions D) Paget's disease - ANSWER>>>>>>>Bone disorder characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption C) Bones of the skull are separated by immobile joints called sutures. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Boundaries of skull bones C) Sinuses take away a minimal amount of strength from bones while reducing the weight of bones. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Function of the paranasal sinuses D) the zygomatic bone - ANSWER>>>>>>>Cheekbone is the only bone of the body that does not articulate with any other bone - ANSWER>>>>>>>hyoid bone part of the skull that houses the structures of the ear - ANSWER>>>>>>>the temporal bones protect the brain - ANSWER>>>>>>>the cranial bones involved in hearing and balance - ANSWER>>>>>>>the bones of the inner ear associated with the process of warming, humidifying, and filtering the air we inhale - ANSWER>>>>>>>nasal cavity is in the center of the skull and it articulates (joins) with all of the other bones of the skull (excluding the mandible) - ANSWER>>>>>>>sphenoid bone is part of the sphenoid bone and houses the pituitary gland - ANSWER>>>>>>>sella turcica
give additional springiness and flexibility to the spine which absorbs shock - ANSWER>>>>>>>curvatures of the spine has the most flexibility among the sections of the vertebral column - ANSWER>>>>>>>cervical spine capable of flexion and extension but little rotational movement - ANSWER>>>>>>>lumbar spine rotates with little flexion or extension - ANSWER>>>>>>>thoracic spine is relatively high due to the scapula not articulating to the axial skeleton directly - ANSWER>>>>>>>mobility of the arms allows for the hinge like motion of the forearm - ANSWER>>>>>>>proximal end of the ulna allows for the rotational motion of the forearm - ANSWER>>>>>>>proximal end of the radius includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage - ANSWER>>>>>>>axial skeleton acts to prevent hyperextension of the spine - ANSWER>>>>>>>anterior longitudinal ligament to absorb shock and provide flexibility to the spine - ANSWER>>>>>>>Function of intervertebral discs to hold together the vertebra and support the body - ANSWER>>>>>>>Function of ligaments in the spine to prevent hyperextension and allow rotation of the spine - ANSWER>>>>>>>Function of the ligamentum flavum to remove curvatures of the spine and provide springiness to the spinal column - ANSWER>>>>>>>Function of the spinal column are found in the zygomatic bones, nasal conchae, vomer, and maxillae - ANSWER>>>>>>>Paranasal sinuses location scoliosis - ANSWER>>>>>>>Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine the lumbar region - ANSWER>>>>>>>Part of the vertebral column bearing most weight 22 - ANSWER>>>>>>>Number of bones in the adult skull
Wedges of fibrocartilage that partially or completely divide the synovial cavity. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Menisci (articular discs) Moving a limb away from the midline of the body along the frontal plane. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Abduction Multiaxial synovial joint. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Hip joint type Rare because of the ligament reinforcement. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Hip joint displacements Damage the tibial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Lateral blows to the knee The annular ligament surrounds the head of the radius. - ANSWER>>>>>>>True statement about humerus Fibular and tibial collateral ligaments, which prevent lateral or medial rotation. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Extracapsular ligaments of the knee The radius and ulna along its length. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Interosseous fibrous joint example Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Saddle joint of the skeleton Tendon sheath. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Not part of a synovial joint Requires abduction and adduction. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Jumping jacks movement Arthritis. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Joint inflammation condition The joint capsules and ligaments are more stretchy and loose than normal. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Double-jointed thumb Interphalangeal (toes). - ANSWER>>>>>>>Joint that does NOT belong Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Role of tropomyosin in skeletal muscles Smooth. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Muscle cells with greatest ability to regenerate A mixture of fiber types. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Skeletal muscle composition Normally achieved by recruiting more muscle fibers. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Strongest muscle contractions
Increasing stimulus above the threshold - ANSWER>>>>>>>Threshold stimulus Increasing stimulus above the treppe stimulus - ANSWER>>>>>>>Treppe stimulus Increasing the stimulation up to the maximal stimulus - ANSWER>>>>>>>Maximal stimulus Recruiting small and medium muscle fibers - ANSWER>>>>>>>Recruitment of muscle fibers Motor units with larger, less excitable neurons - ANSWER>>>>>>>Motor units recruited later Number of muscle fibers stimulated, size of the muscle fibers stimulated, load on the fiber, muscle length - ANSWER>>>>>>>Factors affecting muscle contraction Stores oxygen in muscle cells - ANSWER>>>>>>>Myoglobin Sarcoplasmic reticulum - ANSWER>>>>>>>Calcium storage structure The difference between the amount of oxygen needed for totally aerobic muscle activity and the amount actually used - ANSWER>>>>>>>Excess postexercise oxygen consumption Short period during which the neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis, diffuses across the synaptic cleft, and binds to its receptors - ANSWER>>>>>>>Latent period Storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP - ANSWER>>>>>>>Creatine phosphate function Produce smooth, continuous muscle contraction - ANSWER>>>>>>>Wave summation Attach to actin filaments - ANSWER>>>>>>>Myosin cross bridges attachment Endomysium - ANSWER>>>>>>>Surrounding muscle cell Myoglobin - ANSWER>>>>>>>Oxygen-binding protein in muscle Sarcomeres are functional units of skeletal muscle - ANSWER>>>>>>>Functional units of muscle Converted to lactic acid during insufficient oxygen availability - ANSWER>>>>>>>Conversion of pyruvic acid The muscle changes in length and moves the 'load' - ANSWER>>>>>>>Isotonic contraction
Skeletal muscle stores glycogen because it is a heavy consumer of energy. - ANSWER>>>>>>>skeletal muscle glycogen storage Approximately 80% of a muscle fiber's volume are the myofibrils, reflecting the muscle's ability to produce movement through contractile force. - ANSWER>>>>>>>myofibrils in muscle fibers Curare will only affect muscles with ACh receptors, paralyzing them. - ANSWER>>>>>>>curare poisoning symptoms Skeletal muscle is voluntary muscle because skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by somatic motor neurons. - ANSWER>>>>>>>voluntary muscle When a sarcomere contracts and thin filaments move over thick filaments, the I bands appear smaller. - ANSWER>>>>>>>sarcomere contraction Exhaustion of glycogen storage within a muscle fiber would have the biggest effect on fast glycolytic fibers. - ANSWER>>>>>>>glycogen exhaustion effect A potential benefit of recruiting slow oxidative fibers for contraction before recruiting fast oxidative and fast glycolytic fibers might be improved endurance. - ANSWER>>>>>>>recruiting muscle fibers Must be stimulated first in order to contract simultaneously with the faster fibers. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Slow oxidative fibers Will be recruited first, as there is little to no benefit from recruiting slow oxidative fibers first. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Fast glycolytic fibers Helps to tire them out first so that they won't interfere with the more powerful contractions of fast glycolytic fibers. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Recruiting slow oxidative fibers early If given the exact same amount of ATP, slow oxidative fibers would be able to contract for the longest amount of time. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Muscle contraction duration Exemplified by the flexing of the forearm by the biceps brachii muscle. - ANSWER>>>>>>>First-class lever The difference in the positioning of the effort, load, and fulcrum. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Major factor controlling levers Determined by the total number of muscle fibers (cells) available for contraction. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Power of a muscle
A muscle that provides the major force for producing a specific movement. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Agonist (prime mover) Indicates the muscle has two, three, or four origins, respectively. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Biceps, triceps, quadriceps An arrangement in which the fascicles insert into the tendon from opposite sides. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Bipennate pattern of fascicles Levator scapulae is NOT a rotator cuff muscle. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Rotator cuff muscles Means that the load is near the fulcrum and the effort is applied far from the fulcrum. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Mechanical advantage in levers A muscle that opposes, or reverses, a particular movement. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Antagonist A muscle that assists an agonist by causing a like movement or by stabilizing a joint over which an agonist acts. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Synergist Gracilis is NOT a member of the hamstrings. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Hamstrings Produces flexion. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Muscle crossing anterior side of joint The type of muscle fibers is NOT a way of classifying muscles. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Classifying muscles Called power levers. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Levers operating at mechanical advantage Have load at one end of the lever, fulcrum at the other, and effort applied somewhere in the middle. - ANSWER>>>>>>>First-class levers characteristics Describes a second-class lever. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Lever system LEF A lever where the load is positioned between the fulcrum and the effort. - ANSWER>>>>>>>second-class lever A lever where the effort is applied between the fulcrum and the load. - ANSWER>>>>>>>third-class lever A lever that is not commonly defined in traditional mechanics. - ANSWER>>>>>>>fourth-class lever The abnormal protrusion of the small intestine through a weak point in the muscle of the abdominal wall. - ANSWER>>>>>>>hernia
Gates that close in voltage gated sodium ion channels, allowing for one-way transmission of action potential down the axon. - ANSWER>>>>>>>inactivating gates A characteristic of neurons indicated by their relatively many mitochondria and extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum. - ANSWER>>>>>>>high demand for ATP A property that is not true for neurons, which have relatively changing internal environments. - ANSWER>>>>>>>stable internal environments A characteristic of neurons due to their high demand for ATP. - ANSWER>>>>>>>high consumption of oxygen A function of neurons indicated by the presence of many clusters of ribosomes. - ANSWER>>>>>>>production of proteins This allows for the efflux (diffusion out) of potassium ions, resulting in the repolarization of the cell. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Efflux of potassium ions During the relative refractory period of an action potential, a larger than normal stimulus is needed to cause another action potential. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Relative refractory period If a postsynaptic neuron is stimulated to threshold by spatial summation, this implies that the postsynaptic cell has many synapses with many presynaptic neurons. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Spatial summation If a postsynaptic cell is stimulated to threshold by temporal summation, this implies that a presynaptic neuron is sending frequent EPSP. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Temporal summation When a neurotransmitter like acetylcholine is acting in an excitatory manner, chemically gated sodium channels will open. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Acetylcholine in excitatory manner When a neurotransmitter like GABA is acting in an inhibitory manner, hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane is likely a result. - ANSWER>>>>>>>GABA in inhibitory manner The effect of acetylcholine can be stimulating or inhibiting due to different postsynaptic cells having different receptors. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Effect of acetylcholine Which of the following is NOT a function of dendrites? Generate nerve impulses and transmit them away from the cell body. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Functions of dendrites
The ANS consists of motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) These cells in the CNS have cilia that move in order to circulate cerebrospinal fluid. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Ependymal cells The central nervous system uses the frequency of action potentials to determine the strength of a stimulus. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Strength of a stimulus Bipolar neurons are commonly found in the retina of the eye. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Bipolar neurons Acetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Excitatory neurotransmitter Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function? - ANSWER>>>>>>>Nervous system integrative function The inactivation gates on voltage gated sodium ion channels are closed during the relative refractory period. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Inactivation gates on sodium channels The sodium potassium pump will stop working during relative refractory. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Sodium potassium pump during refractory The voltage gated potassium ion channels remain open long enough to hyperpolarize the axon membrane. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Voltage gated potassium channels The postsynaptic cell has a lower than normal threshold if stimulated to threshold by spatial summation. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Lower than normal threshold The postsynaptic cell can be influenced by only one presynaptic cell if stimulated to threshold by temporal summation. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Frequent action potentials Chemically gated chloride channels will open when a neurotransmitter like acetylcholine acts in an inhibitory manner. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Chemically gated chloride channels Dendrites produce short-distance signals called graded potentials. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Graded potentials Acetylcholine has many different forms. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Neurotransmitter forms Postsynaptic cells have a dynamic and changing metabolism and respond differently at different times. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Dynamic metabolism of postsynaptic cells
Generated on the dendritic membrane when specific sodium gates will open - ANSWER>>>>>>>Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) Resulting graded potential is called a sensory potential - ANSWER>>>>>>>Graded potential from sensory neuron A change in the membrane potential of a postsynaptic neuron. - ANSWER>>>>>>>postsynaptic potential A postsynaptic potential that makes the neuron more likely to fire an action potential. - ANSWER>>>>>>>excitatory potential A graded potential that occurs in response to a stimulus at a sensory receptor. - ANSWER>>>>>>>generator potential Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes. - ANSWER>>>>>>>movement of ions across excitable membranes A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until the membrane potential has been reestablished. - ANSWER>>>>>>>second nerve impulse generation The interior surface of a neuron's plasma membrane will have a negative charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell. - ANSWER>>>>>>>resting membrane potential If a motor neuron in the body were stimulated by an electrode placed about midpoint along the length of the axon, the impulse would spread bidirectionally. - ANSWER>>>>>>>motor neuron stimulation Glycine is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter of the spinal cord. - ANSWER>>>>>>>principal inhibitory neurotransmitter A short distance depolarization that moves membrane potential away from threshold. - ANSWER>>>>>>>excitatory postsynaptic potential A brain structure that functions to control the autonomic nervous system and to regulate body temperature. - ANSWER>>>>>>>hypothalamus Nuclei of cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), and VII (facial) are found in the pons. - ANSWER>>>>>>>nuclei of cranial nerves The arbor vitae refers to cerebellar white matter. - ANSWER>>>>>>>arbor vitae The brain stem consists of the midbrain, medulla, and pons. - ANSWER>>>>>>>brain stem
The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the parietal lobe. - ANSWER>>>>>>>primary somatosensory cortex Spinocerebellar tracts carry information about muscle or tendon stretch to the cerebellum. - ANSWER>>>>>>>spinocerebellar tracts Ependymal cells line the ventricles of the brain. - ANSWER>>>>>>>ventricles of the brain The subarachnoid space lies between the arachnoid and pia layers of meninges. - ANSWER>>>>>>>subarachnoid space Vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the medulla oblongata. - ANSWER>>>>>>>vital centers Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord. - ANSWER>>>>>>>cell bodies of sensory neurons The groove that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe is called the central sulcus. - ANSWER>>>>>>>frontal lobe separation The cerebrum is best described as the executive suite. - ANSWER>>>>>>>cerebrum An elevated ridge of the cortex is called a gyrus. - ANSWER>>>>>>>elevated ridge of the cortex The cerebral cortex contains three kinds of functional areas. - ANSWER>>>>>>>cerebral cortex Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with sensory and motor functions of the contralateral side of the body. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Contralateral sensory and motor functions If the caudal portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the spinal cord may be affected. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Neural tube failure effects The lateral sulcus separates the frontal from temporal lobes. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Lateral sulcus function Neural tracts that convey information to the brain concerning temperature and pain would be lateral spinothalamic. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Neural tracts for temperature and pain Which of these would you NOT find in the cerebral cortex? Fiber tracts. - ANSWER>>>>>>>Cerebral cortex components