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What kind of calls do firefighters respond to most often? - Answer Medical Emergencies What kind of settings do firefighters work in? - Answer (1) Urban & Suburban areas; (2) Airports; (3) Chemical Plants; (4) Industrial Sites; (5) Rural Areas like grasslands and forests What are firefighters in the Hazardous Materials Unit trained to do? - Answer These firefighters are trained for the (1) Control, (2) Prevention, and (3) Cleanup of oil spills, and other hazardous materials incidents. In what settings would firefighters typically use conventional firefighting equipment and tactics? - Answer (1) Urban & Suburban; (2) Airports; (3) Industrial Sites What type of incidents require firefighters to use specialized equipment and tactics? - Answer (1) Forest Fires; (2) Hazardous Materials Spills What are "Fire Lines" and what are they used for? - Answer These are made by cutting down trees and digging out all other combustible vegetation, creating bare land in the path of the fire that deprives it of fuel. They are used to fight forest fires. What are Smoke Jumpers? - Answer Specialized teams of elite firefighters who parachute from airplanes to reach otherwise inaccessible areas. What do firefighters do between calls? - Answer (1) Clean and maintain equipment; (2) Conduct practice drills and fire inspections; (3) Participate in fitness activities; (4) Prepare written reports on fire incidents; (5) Review fire science literature What are the risks of firefighting? - Answer Death or injury from: (1) sudden cave-ins of floors;
(2) toppling walls; (3) traffic accidents when responding to calls; (4) exposure to flames and smoke; (5) contact with poisonous, flammable, or explosive gases & chemicals; (6) exposure to radioactive or other hazardous materials that may have immediate or long-term effects on their health What are some typical "On Duty" hours for Firefighters? - Answer (1) 48 hours ON/ hours OFF; (2) 24 hours ON/48 hours OFF + extra day off at intervals; (3) DAY SHIFTS of 10-hours for 3-4 DAYS, NIGHT SHIFTS of 14-hours for 3- 4 NIGHTS, with 3-4 days off True or False: Fire lieutenants and fire captains work the same hours as the firefighters they supervise. - Answer True What percentage of fire companies are staffed by volunteer firefighters? - Answer 70% In a 2002 study, how many jobs were held by (1) Paid Career Volunteers, (2) First-line Supervisors/Managers of Firefighting and Prevention Workers, and (3) Fire Inspectors. - Answer (1) 282, (2) 63, (3) 14, About 8 out of 10 firefighting workers are employed by who? - Answer Municipal or County Fire Departments If not employed by municipal or county fire departments, where do the remainder of firefighting workers find jobs? - Answer (1) Federal & State installations (including airports) (2) Private Firefighting companies What services does a "Public Safety Organization" oversee? - Answer (1) Fire Prevention (2) Public Fire Education (3) Safety (4) Emergency Medical Services Why are some local and regional fire departments being consolidated into countywide establishments? - Answer (1) Reduce Administrative Staff & Cut Costs (2) Establish Consistent Training Standards & Work Procedures
(5) Battalion Chief (6) Assistant Chief (7) Deputy Chief (8) Chief What do many fire departments require for promotion to positions higher than battalion chief? - Answer A Bachelor's Degree (preferably in fire science, public administration, or a related field) What is required for Executive Fire Officer Certification from the National Fire Academy and for State Chief Officer Certification? - Answer A Master's Degree True or False: Layoffs of firefighters are common. - Answer False. Even when budget cuts do occur, local fire departments usually cut expenses by postponing equipment purchases or not hiring new firefighters, rather than through staff reductions. What was the Median Hourly Earnings of firefighters in 2012? - Answer $21.75? What are the dangers of stress? - Answer (1) Hinders Job Performance & Enjoyment (2) Negatively Affects Memory & Mental Stability (3) Sparks Interpersonal Conflict (4) Increase Accident-Proneness, Absenteeism, & Attrition (5) Wipes Out Good Morale (6) May lead a person to take unusual risks (7) Makes it difficult to maintain physical conditioning What is stress? - Answer A nonspecific physical response of the body to the events and conditions of life. It is NOT a disease or affliction. Stress is the leading cause of or contributor to what 10 physical ailments? - Answer (1) Heart Disease (2) Hypertension (3) Ulcers (4) Arthritis (5) Diabetes (6) Cancer (7) Lowered Immunity to Disease (8) Alcoholism (9) Depression (10) Suicide What is a Stressor? - Answer Anything that triggers the stress response. It may be physical, emotional, environmental, financial, spiritual, or social. What are common firefighter stressors? - Answer (1) Administrative Hassles (2) Threat of Infectious Disease or Hazardous Materals Exposure
(3) Shift Work (4) Repetitive or Routine Tasks (5) Inactivity (6) Weather & Temperature Extremes (7) Traffic (8) the 24 - hour Nature of the Job What is Cumulative Stress? - Answer Small stressors that accumulate into a large stress-related problem What are Rapid Onset Stressors? - Answer Stressors that are sudden and extensive What is Critical Incident Stress - Answer When stress levels peak abruptly The complex interactions between the endocrine system and the nervous system are categorized as what kind of response? - Answer "Flight or Flight" Syndrome True or False: The physiological response to stress is different for every person. - Answer False. Physiological responses to a stressor relate to the innate and powerful instinct to survive. No matter how a person responds emotionally or cognitively to a stress, the physiological response is always the same. True or False: Positive Stressors have the SAME stress responses as negative ones. - Answer True. The 8 signs and symptoms of physical arousal include: - Answer (1) Pupils Dilate (2) Respiration and Heart Rate Increases (3) Blood Pressure Increases (4) Skeletal Muscles Become Tense and Strong (5) Blood Glucose Increases (6) The Ability of the Blood to Coagulate Increases (7) Perspiration Increases (8) Blood Vessels Dilate, except for arteries near the skin surface, which contract, leaving a cool, clammy sensation During exceptionally stressful times, what hormone is released from the thyroid gland? - Answer Thyroxine How long does it take for the release of Thyroxine to produce an observable effect in our bodies? And how long can the effects linger? - Answer 2-3 days to produce an observable physical effect. Effects can last for 6 - 8 weeks. Stress Awareness means asking yourself what 3 questions? - Answer (1) What things cause me to feel distressed? (2) What individual signs and symptoms of distress occur in me?
(3) Diminished Judgment & Mental Acuity What are the 3 Basic Ways to Attack Stress? - Answer (1) Consider which stressors can be changed or eliminated (2) Change attitudes regarding the stressor (3) Minimize the physical response to the stressor by employing various stress management techniques. What are 7 Physical Stress Management Tactics that can help an individual change the physical response to stress? - Answer (1) Exercise (2) Diet & Nutrition (3) Meditation (4) Yoga, or other activities involving slow, stretching body movement (5) Deep Breathing (6) Biofeedback (7) Deep Relaxation (progressive muscle relaxation) What are 5 things you can do to avoid being totally absorbed by Firefighting? - Answer (1) Step back and take a break (2) Develop a non-firefighter circle of friends (3) Rekindle an old hobby or find an new one (4) Spend time with groups of people who are not frequently involved in emergencies or other crises (5) Talk with a good friend or write in a journal Responses that mask the signs of stress without doing anything to heal or minimize them are called? - Answer Maladaptive Responses 5 examples of Maladaptive Responses include: - Answer (1) Taking out aggressions on others (2) Substance Abuse (3) Delaying stress management through such non-helpful activities as watching too much TV (4) Hurtful humor (5) Suicide What is a model program for supporting fire families? - Answer ASSIST: Answers for Spouses by Spouses through Interaction, Support, and Training. What process does CISM stand for and what is it's purpose? - Answer Critical Incident Stress Management: to assist fire personnel in processing the stress of critical incidents. What 7 types of events typically result in critical incident stress? - Answer (1) Traumatic death or disability of a co-worker (2) Traumatic death or serious injury to children
(3) Mass casualty events (4) Prolonged events (5) Death or injury to a bystander caused by the emergency department while in the course of providing emergency care (6) Events drawing media attention (7) Symbolic events, both public (9/11) and personal What are the 6 symptoms of Thyroxine release? - Answer (1) Fine Muscle Tremors (2) Worry and/or anxiety (3) Paranoia (4) Insomnia (5) Racing thoughts (6) Increased internal body temperature (7) Increased secretion of digestive juices (8) Decreased heart strength (9) Increased probability of heart failure A number of atoms that have chemically bonded together are called? - Answer A Molecule The ratio of the density of a vapor, as compared to the density of an equal volume of air, with air having an assigned value of 1 is called? - Answer Vapor Density What happens if a vapor has a density value GREATER than 1? - Answer The vapor is heavy and will sink and spread along the floor or lowest surface available. (Ex. Gasoline, Kerosene, Jet Fuels, Acetone, & Benzene) What happens if a vapor has a density value LESS than 1? - Answer The vapor is lighter than air and will rise. (Ex. Hydrogen Gas) What happens if the vapor has a density value EQUAL to 1? - Answer The vapor is the same weight as air and would mix with the air easily. (Ex. Carbon Monoxide) Why is in helpful for firefighters to have a good understanding of a substance's vapor density? - Answer They may be able to predict the spread or migration of the vapors and possibly remove any ignition sources that may be in the vapor's path. The ratio of the density of a liquid or solid, as compared to the density of an equal volume of water, with water having an assigned value of 1 is called? - Answer Specific Gravity
What are the two ways a substance can reach its ignition temperature? - Answer (1) Piloted Ignition (2) Auto-Ignition The introduction of an EXTERNAL ignition source like a spark, match or open flame is called? - Answer Piloted Ignition The heating of a substance to the point where it ignites by itself is called? - Answer Auto-Ignition A temperature a substance must be heated to in order to cause self-ignition is called? - Answer Auto-Ignition Temperature A mixture of flammable vapors and air, expressed as a percent, above or below which no ignition can occur. - Answer Explosive Range (a.k.a. Flammable Range or Flammable Limits) True or False: A vapor that is "too lean" will not ignite. - Answer True, because the percent mixture is LESS than the lower limit. True or False: A vapor that is "too rich" will ignite. - Answer False, because the percent mixture is above the vapor limit. Physical Characteristics of Gasoline (Flash Point, Fire Point, Ignition Temperature, Explosive Range, Vapor Density, & Specific Gravity) - Answer Flash Point: - 45 F Fire Point: - 43 F Ignition Temperature: 850 F Explosive Range: 1.4% - 7.6% Vapor Density: 3 Specific Gravity: 0. Physical Characteristics of Acetone (Flash Point, Fire Point, Ignition Temperature, Explosive Range, Vapor Density, & Specific Gravity) - Answer Flash Point: 0 F Fire Point: 2 F Ignition Temperature: 1000 F Explosive Range: 2.6% - 12.8% Vapor Density: 2 Specific Gravity: 0. Physical Characteristics of Kerosene (Flash Point, Fire Point, Ignition Temperature, Explosive Range, Vapor Density, & Specific Gravity) - Answer Flash Point: 100 F Fire Point: 102 F Ignition Temperature: 400 F Explosive Range: 0.7% - 5.0% Vapor Density: 2.
Specific Gravity: 0. Physical Characteristics of Ethanol (Flash Point, Fire Point, Ignition Temperature, Explosive Range, Vapor Density, & Specific Gravity) - Answer Flash Point: 55 F Fire Point: 57 F Ignition Temperature: 800 F Explosive Range: 4.3% - 19.0% Vapor Density: 1. Specific Gravity: 0. The rapid combustion of oxygen and fuel in a chemical reaction which liberates large amounts of heat and light which is visible as a flame is called? - Answer Rapid Oxidation What is an example of Rapid Oxidation? - Answer Fire The slow combustion of oxygen and fuel in a chemical reaction that releases unnoticeable amounts of heat and light is called? - Answer Slow Oxidation What is an example of Slow Oxidation? - Answer The rusting of an old nail or the tarnishing of a piece of silver A simple graphic representation of the components necessary to have fire is called? - Answer The Fire Triangle What are the 3 components necessary to have fire? - Answer (1) Fuel (2) Oxygen (3) Heat The "fourth side" of the Fire Triangle added to explain the unique extinguishing capabilities of some fire extinguishing agents is called? - Answer The Fire Tetrahedron. The extinguishing method t that interrupts the chemical reaction between fuel and oxygen, by upsetting or destroying the molecules that would otherwise combine with oxygen, is called? - Answer Chain Reaction Interruption When is wood in it's most flammable form? - Answer Small, dry pieces that are positioned vertically rather than horizontally. The speed with which a fuel ignites and burns depends on the available
. - Answer Surface Area True or False: The MORE exposed surface area, the easier the ignition and the faster the fire burns. - Answer True
Why is Wood a very poor conductor of heat? - Answer It ABSORBS rather than conducts heat, and depending on the amount of heat being absorbed, it may reach its' ignition temperature and ignite. Why are Liquids & Gasses poor heat conductors? - Answer The molecules are not as close together as they are in a solid. The transfer of heat through a moving medium, such as a liquid or gas, is called? - Answer Convection Convection Currents generally move upward or downward? - Answer Upward, unless directed by other influences, such as nearby temperature and action of a fan. Fire spread from room to room or within other enclosures, such as air ducts and piping demonstrates fire spread by what type of heat transfer? - Answer Convection A form of energy which travels through space as an electromagnetic wave is called? - Answer Radiation Radiant heat travels in lines from a source in all directions equally. - Answer Straight lines from a point source Radiant heat travels from its source at the speed of. - Answer Light Heat rays can pass through , be reflected by , concentrated by , and more easily absorbed by. - Answer (1) Any visible transparent or opaque medium (glass, air, water, transparent plastics, etc.) (2) Any shiny or mirrored surface (3) Lenses (4) Dark or black surfaces What is the best way to protect exposures from radiant heat? - Answer Keep them cool with a spray of water. What are the FOUR CATEGORIES OF HEAT ENERGY? - Answer (1) Chemical (2) Mechanical (3) Electrical (4) Nuclear Chemical Heat Energy is the result of? - Answer Chemical reactions that produce heat. Most chemical reactions produce heat. Usually this heat dissipates into the surrounding air. However, if the material is contained in such a way that the heat cannot dissipate, the heat may build up very slowly, sometimes over hours or days. When the auto- ignition temperature is attained, the material ignites. This process is called? - Answer Spontaneous Ignition
Mechanical Heat Energy is the result of? - Answer Moving mechanical parts that generate heat through friction. What is the type of mechanical heat that is produced by moving parts (like conveyor belts, gears, etc.) or any two surfaces rubbing together? - Answer Motion What is the type of mechanical heat that's produced when gases are compressed, as in a gas cylinder? - Answer Compression What is the type of mechanical heat energy that's produced when a surface is repeatedly hammered? - Answer Percussion Electrical Heat Energy is the result of? - Answer All electricity produces heat. Whenever electricity moves over a wire or through a light filament heat is produced. If the generation and buildup of static electricity is often done by moving parts, what time of heat energy does it produce? - Answer Electrical Heat Energy, because the discharge of this energy is electrical not mechanical. Lightning causes countless fires, what time of heat energy is it? - Answer It is Mother Nature's static electricity, which is a form of Electrical Heat Energy. What are the two types of Nuclear Heat Energy? - Answer (1) Fission (2) Fusion Nuclear Fission is the process in which heat energy is produced by? - Answer Splitting the atom. (Example: the first atomic bombs) Nuclear Fusion is the process in which heat energy is produced by? - Answer Combining two atoms to make one new atom. (Example: the energy produced by the sun and by the hydrogen bomb.) What are the first four sources of ignition? (Hint: they are the same as the four sources of heat energy) - Answer (1) Chemical Heat Energy (2) Mechanical Heat Energy (3) Electrical Heat Energy (4) Nuclear Heat Energy What is considered the "Fifth Way" or possible method that fires may start? - Answer Contact with hot object or open flame What are the 4 Fire Classifications? - Answer (1) Class A Fires: ordinary combustibles (2) Class B Fires: flammable liquids, gases (3) Class C Fires: electrical
The extinguishment technique of removing oxygen from a fire is called? - Answer Smothering The extinguishment technique of removing heat from a fire is called? - Answer Cooling The best extinguishing agent for "cooling" a fire is? - Answer Water A substance's ability to absorb heat per unit volume is called? - Answer Specific Heat True or False: Water has one of the HIGHEST specific heats known. - Answer True What is the most common (and often fastest and safest) method of extinguishment? - Answer Cooling What is the best and fastest way to "cool" a fire? - Answer Direct water to the hottest part of the fire (the embers or "seat") What are the 4 types of extinguishing agents? - Answer (1) Water (2) Foams (3) Gasses (4) Dry Chemical (5) Class D Specialized Agents What are the benefits of Water as an extinguishing agent? - Answer (1) Most Available (2) Most Frequently Used (3) Most Efficient Material for Heat Absorbtion (4) Inexpensive (5) Widest versatility of application methods On it's own, Water can be used on what Classification of Fires? - Answer Class A Fires How are foams used to extinguish flames? - Answer They suppress vapors. (More specifically, they cool the fire and coat the fuel, preventing it's contact with oxygen, resulting in suppressed combustion.) What are the 5 types of Foams use as extinguishing agents? - Answer (1) Protein (2) Fluoroprotein (3) Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFF or "Light Water") (4) Alcohol Resistant AFF (5) High Expansion How are foams created? - Answer (1) They are a mixture of water and a liquid concentrate. (2) The nozzle or applicator "aerates" the concentrate with the water creating tiny foamy bubbles.
What are the 4 benefits of using Foams? - Answer (1) Dense/Strong (2) High Stability (3) Good Heat Resistance (4) Good Resistance to Flashback This type of foam has good water retention and considerable body or weight to it. - Answer Protein Foam This type of foam contains a fluorinated agent that allows the foam to shed fuel. - Answer Fluoroprotein Foam Why is Fluoroprotein Foam is used for "below surface injection"? - Answer The foam floats to the surface, sheds the flammable liquid film, and covers the surface--sealing it from oxygen and sources of ignition. This type of foam is a completely synthetic foaming agent capable of forming a unique water solution film on the surface of flammable liquids. - Answer Aqueous Film Forming Foam, or AFF/"Light Water" What makes AFFF or "Light Water" unique? - Answer Because of its low bubble and liquid retention, the mixture slides over the surface of the flammable liquid, sealing the surface from oxygen and sources of ignition. This type of foam uses a special additive to protect the foam from being broken down by alcohol. - Answer Alcohol Resistant AFFF Why is Alcohol Resistant AFFF gaining popularity over ordinary AFFF? - Answer Because of the additive, it can be used for alcohol type fires as well as gasohol, ketones, AND ordinary flammable liquids. Unlike the others, this type of foam is generated mechanically by fans or the passage of high volumes of air with water through a screen. - Answer High Expansion Foam High Expansion Foam can extinguish fires in 3 different ways: - Answer (1) Total Flooding of Confined Spaces (2) Reaching Inaccessible Places (3) Replacement of All Heat, Smoke, and Air Spaces True or False: High Expansion Foam is particularly suited for OUTDOOR fires in OPEN spaces, such as fields. - Answer False; It is particularly suited for INDOOR fires in CONFINED spaces, such as basements. True or False: High Expansion Foam is very useful on flammable liquid fires. - Answer False.
How do Class D Extinguishing Agents work? - Answer Through a combination of oxygen elimination and some cooling. What Class D Extinguishing Agent is composed of sodium chloride and a powdered plastic material and can be used on all metal fires? - Answer Met-L-X How does Met-L-X work? - Answer When applied to a metal fire, the sodium chloride melts and conducts away some of the heat production. The plastic material melts and burns, it holds the sodium chloride together for efficient cooling and smothering. The development of controlled drafts in a building to remove smoke, fire gases, and heat is called? - Answer Ventilation Ventilation requires Firefighters to remove smoke, fire gases, and heat by performing these 5 operations: - Answer (1) Opening doors (2) Opening Windows (3) Creating a vertical draft by cutting open a roof, removing a skylight, etc. (4) Using power driven fans to exhaust an area (5) Using power driven fans to pressurize and area The Four general results of any effective ventilation operation are: - Answer (1) Reduction of Smoke, Fire Gases, and Heat in the fire area (2) Elimination of the Mushrooming of smoke and fire gases within the fire structure (3) Controlling the spread of the fire (4) Elimination of flashovers and backdrafts The rapid spread of fire which can occur if oxygen is provided to a fire which has smoldered inside a building. The combustible fire gases, especially carbon monoxide, can ignite and burn so rapidly that the effect can appear to be an explosion. This effect is called? - Answer Backdraft A swift, running fire at ceiling level is called? - Answer Flashover Smoke and fire gases WILL RISE until they lose their buoyancy (due to cooling or are physically contained). Once smoke and fire gases STOP RISING inside a building, they will move horizontally and then back downward in a configuration.
This is called the. - Answer Mushroom; Mushroom Effect What 3 elements cause fire spread within a structure? - Answer (1) Fire Gases (2) Heat (3) Flame Fire spread can be reduced by doing what 2 things? - Answer (1) Controlling the convection of heat and fire gases (2) Introducing a draft to move flames towards a vent ventilation can prevent both Flashover and Backdraft. - Answer Top- Down The 5 Specific Strategic Objectives which Effective Ventilation Operations Can Help to Achieve are: - Answer (1) RESCUE - locate and rescue building occupants (2) PROTECT EXPOSURES - protect exposed areas within a building, or other buildings from becoming involved in fire (3) LOCATE, CONFINE, and EXTINGUISH - the source of the fire must be located and confined prior to moving hose streams into place and extinguishing it (4) OVERHAUL - reduce the extent of overhaul operations required (5) SALVAGE - reduce the amount of salvage operations required The side of an object facing the direction from which the prevailing wind is blowing is called? - Answer Windward The side of an object facing the direction toward which the prevailing wind is blowing is called? - Answer Leeward The 5 General Methods of Basic Ventilation are: - Answer (1) Horizontal/Natural (2) Vertical/Natural (3) Horizontal/Mechanical (4) Vertical/Mechanical (5) Combination Horizontal/Natural Ventilation is... - Answer The opening of doors and windows at each floor of a building to allow for the natural drafting of fresh air Vertical/Natural Ventilation is... - Answer The opening of skylights, roof scuttles, roof vents, cutting open a hole in a roof, pulling or tearing a hole in a ceiling or any method which allows venting of products of combustion vertically through a building.
