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Impression - ANSWERS- evidence happens when any object or material takes on the form of another object though direct physical contact. Electronic - ANSWERS-Electronic evidence. Latent - ANSWERS-Any evidence that is not visible without the use of chemical, photographic or electronic development/enhancement. Ex: DNA, palm prints, fingerprints, footprints, tread marks and tire tracks. Trace - ANSWERS-Evidence that has to be extracted from a other substance and is in very small amounts, often invisible to the naked eye (ex. glass, fibre, etc.) Indicative - ANSWERS-Evidence that substantiates or proves that a certain period of time has elapsed. Ex: rate that a body has decomposed will be based on the state of the remains and outdoor/indoor temperature. Light switch, on/off? Not directly collectible
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END OF PAGE Associative - ANSWERS-Any evidence that places an individual at a scene and/or a victim. Class - ANSWERS-Evidence that requires classification into a more narrow range. Ex: hair, blood, urine, saliva, semen. Circumstantial - ANSWERS-HINT: TYPE OF FORMATION Facts, observations, activities from which the culpability of an individual may be inferred. Pattern - ANSWERS-Produced by forcible direct contact Conditional - ANSWERS-HINT: TYPE OF FORMATION Produced by event or action Transfer Formation - ANSWERS-Caused by physical contact.
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END OF PAGE Rigor Mortis - ANSWERS-Muscles of the body stiffen due to a chemical reaction. Begins 2 - 6 hours after death. Livor mortis - ANSWERS-Blood in the body sinks under gravity, pooling in lower regions. Begins 8 - 12 hours after death. Algor Mortis - ANSWERS-Body cools slowly after death until core temperature equals environment. Decomposition - ANSWERS-When the body breaks down. 2 ways: body's own enzymes (autolysis) or bacteria from in/on the body (putrefaction) Antemortem - ANSWERS-Before death Perimortem - ANSWERS-Around time of death
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END OF PAGE Post mortem - ANSWERS-After death Examples of Sharp Force Trauma - ANSWERS-Knives, picks, axes, hatchets, machetes. Indicators of suicide:
- wounds under clothing
- weapon present
- wounds at throat, wrists, ankles
- body not moves Indicators of homicide:
- defensive wounds
- no weapon present
- usually injuries to vital organs
- body moved
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END OF PAGE Negative Witness - ANSWERS-Explains the absence of evidence Forensic Science - ANSWERS-Science in service to courts Forensic Method - ANSWERS-Systematic approach to documenting, collecting, interpreting and presenting evidence for presentation in court of law Crime - ANSWERS-An act forbidden by law and punishable Crime Scene Investigation - ANSWERS-Term referring to processes associated with investigation of criminal events Criminalistics - ANSWERS-Term for analysis of physical evidence. (often called forensic scientists) Criminology - ANSWERS-Scientific study of crime Evidence - ANSWERS-Anything that can help prove or disprove a point in question
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END OF PAGE Types Of Evidence - ANSWERS-[Physical]
- Objects
- Impressions [Observations]
- Weather
- Lights on/off [Testimony]
- Eye witness
- Expert Locard's Exchange Principle - ANSWERS-Every contact leaves a trace...by leaving something behind, by taking something away, by doing both. Chain Of Custody - ANSWERS-Breaks in the chain (fruit of the poisonous tree)
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END OF PAGE Offender Witnesses Relatives Media Police Other investigators Overall Photos - ANSWERS-Allows the viewer to see a large area of the scene at eye level Mid range Photos - ANSWERS-Establishes the position of the evidence in the scene Close Up Photos - ANSWERS-Allows the viewer to see all evident detail on the item of evidence Sketches - ANSWERS-Simplest way to represent the scene Polar Coordinates - ANSWERS-Measure in proximity to something
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END OF PAGE Rectangular Coordinates - ANSWERS-Have two measurements: an x coordinate and a y coordinate Triangulation - ANSWERS-(Most complicated but most accurate) Two measuring tapes intersect and create triangles Cross Contamination - ANSWERS-Unintended movement of material between two or more objects Ethics - ANSWERS-Well-founded standards of right and wrong that dictate what humans ought to do. Encourage Virtues: honesty, loyalty, compassion Code of Ethics - ANSWERS-Systematic statement of rules, regulations or laws, developed by a community to promote its values. (ex. employee code of conduct) Why Are Ethics Important? - ANSWERS-HINT: QUESTION
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