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GCU BIO-201 Exam 3 Test Questions and Answers Graded A+
the skull socket synarthroses immovable joints, found in places such as the sutures of Amphiarthrosis slightly movable joint in places like the innervertebral discs diarthroses freely movable joints, found in places such as the shoulder freely movable joints that connect bones with a sack of fluid to prevent rubbing and breakdown of bone bones united by hyaline cartilage (cartilaginous joints); synchondroses symphysis are NOT freely moveable; in places such as the epiphyseal line limited movement of joints due to the covering of articular surface of joints with hyaline cartilage. ex. pubis symphysis in os coxa fibrous joints consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together (3 Types) Suture Joints fuse bones together, such as in the skull Syndesmosomes bones connected to ligaments, such as the ligaments that connect the radius and ulna Gomphoses peg-in-socket fibrous joint, such as teeth in the alveolar Pads of cartilage that lie between the articular surfaces of the bones, especially between the knee and mandible Bursae flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid Elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected to friction Flat articular surfaces, bones slide over each other Usually biaxial joints synovial joints Menisci Tendon Sheaths
GCU BIO-201 Exam 3 Test Questions and Answers Graded A+
Plane/Gliding joints Examples: between carpal bones of wrist; between tarsal bones of ankle; also between articular processes of verte- brae Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane Pivot joints allow rotation arround an axis. The forearms have pivot joints. Oval articular surface of one bone fits into a comple- condyloid joints mentary depression in another; found in the joint at the metacarpals and proximal phalanx. saddle joints Only one pair exists and is between the thumb and wrist; biaxial ball and socket joint shoulder and hip; multiaxial joints origin bone the proximal end of bone where a muscle attaches. It cannot move. The fulcrum is positioned between the ettort and resis- tance first class lever the load is between the fulcrum and the ettort second class lever third class lever the input force is between the fulcrum and the load hinge joint Pivot joints
membranous channel that extends inward toward sar- coplasmic reticulum dilated end-sacs of SR which cross the muscle fiber from one side to the other terminal cisternae Surrounds individual muscle fibers Endomysium Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle Perimysium covers the entire skeletal muscle Epimysium a sheet-like tissue that functions as a tendon, connecting muscle to bone. it is sheet-like, compared to a coil-like tendon
aponeurosis Sarcomere contractile unit of a muscle fiber myosin head, which connects thick filaments and thin fil- aments during a contraction titin protein spans from tip of thick filament to Z line; helps maintain alignment A dark thin protein band to which actin filaments are at- tached in a striated muscle fiber, marking the boundaries between adjacent sarcomeres. Z line thin filaments only (#2 on picture) I band A band dark area; extends the length of the thick filaments (#6 on picture) H zone cross bridges
myofibrils stretched too far (^7) / 11 One stimulus immediately follows the next; stimulus con- tinually gets hit. Muscles doesn't quite return to resting state. Treppe Phenomenon in which each successive twitch contracts with similar amount of stimulus before. isotonic contraction A muscle contraction that pulls on the bones and produces movement of body parts. isometric contraction Muscle contracts but there is no movement, muscle stays the same length concentric contraction shortening of muscle ex. flexing biceps eccentric contraction muscle lengthens ex. extending biceps yes Are skeletal muscles striated? yes Are cardiac muscles striated? No Are smooth muscles striated? no Are cardiac and skeletal muscles regenerative? yes Is smooth muscle regenerative? Which muscle type has intercalated discs? cardiac muscle
to ATP does not allow myosin and actin to touch, therefore mus- cle cannot form cross bridges to contract. myofibrils too close together actin and myosin are intertwined deeply, allowing for there to be no tension for muscle to preform contraction movement supplies energy very quickly and is the primary source of energy for very high-intensity exercise myokinase/creatine kinase transfers Pi from one ADP to another, converting the latter anaerobic respiration Respiration in the absence of oxygen. This produces lactic acid. It is used for short term exercise aerobic respiration Respiration that requires oxygen; is used for long term exercise red muscle fibers that are slow to contract but have the slow twitch fibers ability to continue contracting for long periods of time (many mitochondria, small diameter) fast twitch fibers muscle fibers that contract rapidly and forcefully but fa- tigue quickly (few mitochondria, large diameter) A cyoplasmic Ca2+-binding protein. Calmodulin is partic- calmodulin ularly important in smooth muscle cells, where binding of Ca2+ allows calmodulin to activate myosin light-chian kinase, the first step in smooth muscle cell contraction. myosin light chain kinase enables myosin heads to attach to actin no does smooth muscle have sarcomeres? The metabolic process of introducing a phosphate group into an organic molecule. contributes to and regulates Blood Brain Barrier (BBB); regulates composition of fluid in the brain; converts glu- phosphagen system Phosphorylation
as long as the K+ channels are open; only a strong stimulus will cause another action potential to be sent. receptors that are coupled to ion channels and attect the neuron by causing those channels to open receptors that act through a second messenger system with proteins and g proteins respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch; recep- tors fire with force (mechanically) IONOTROPIC Electroreceptors detect electrical fields IONOTROPIC Thermoreceptors respond to changes in temperature IONOTROPIC chemical sensors in the brain and blood vessels that Chemoreceptors identify changing levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide METABOTROPIC Photoreceptors respond to light, METABOTROPIC receptors, mainly in the eyes A summation is received on the post synaptic membrane temporal summation spatial summation ESPS ISPS from the same stimuli at ditterent times. The intensity of the second adds to that of the first. Two stimuli arrive at the postsynaptic membrane at the same time, yet in ditterent locations. This adds to the rapid depolarizing ettect. cause depolarization of neurons; promote action poten- tials. NT causes more LGNa+ channels to open on the postsynaptic membrane. cause hyperpolarization in synaptic membranes, inhibit- ing the ettects of action potentials. Neurotransmitter (NT) causes potassium to move out and chloride to move in. Mechanoreceptors ionotropic receptors metabotropic receptors
A chemical/drug that mimics the action of a neurotrans- mitter by binding to a receptor site drugs that occupy receptors but do NOT activate them; instead they prohibit them acts by abrogating the intrinsic activity of a free receptor. It mimics the drug, but instead has an opposite ettect. employs GABA as its neurotransmitter; especially used in GABA-ergic synapse numbing by making the membrane potential extremely negative, in order for the synapse to work harder for the nerve to fire. (chloride ions make this happen) Reuptake A process in which neurotransmitters are sponged up from the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic membrane. Agonist Antagonist inverse agonist
