GNRS 610 - Advanced Patho - Exam 2| Latest Version 2026/2027| Questions and Correct Answ, Exams of Nursing

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GNRS 610 - Advanced Patho - Exam 2 |

Latest Version 2026/2027| Questions

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What are opportunistic microorganisms? A. A bacterium, virus, protozoan or fungus, that live symbiotically with their host. B. A bacterium, virus, protozoan or fungus that takes advantage of certain opportunities to cause disease. C. A bacterium, virus, protozoan or fungus that are that help protect their host by fighting bacteria. D. A bacterium, virus, protozoan or fungus that keep other microorganisms from entering the body. B. A bacterium, virus, protozoan or fungus that takes advantage of certain opportunities to cause disease. A 20-year-old male received a knife wound to the arm during an altercation. Which of the following types of immunity was compromised? A. Innate immunity B. Inflammatory response C. Adaptive immunity D. Specific immunity A. Innate immunity A child fell off the swing and scraped the right knee. The injured area becomes painful. What else will the nurse observe upon assessment? A. Vasoconstriction at injured site B. Decreased RBC concentration at injured site C. Pale skin at injured site D. Edema at injured site D. Edema at injured site

The microorganisms that make up the normal human flora are important for: A. Regulating inflammation B. Secreting bacteriostatic substances C. Activating white blood cells D. Preventing the colonization and multiplication of pathogens D. Preventing the colonization and multiplication of pathogens A nurse recalls the mast cell, a major activator of inflammation, initiates the inflammatory response through the process of: A. Chemotaxis B. Endocytosis C. Degranulation D. Opsonization C. Degranulation The directional migration of leukocytes along a chemical gradient is termed: A. Chemotaxis B. Endocytosis C. Margination D. Diapedesis A. Chemotaxis A 20-year-old male shoots his hand with a nail gun while replacing roofing shingles. Which of the following cell types would be the first to aid in killing bacteria to prevent infection in his hand? A. Eosinophils B. Neutrophils C. Leukotrienes D. Monocytes B. Neutrophils

C. Antibodies D. Phagolysosome B. Acute phase reactants A 6-year-old female is diagnosed with a bacterial infection of the respiratory system. Which of the following will most likely try to fight the antigen? A. Antibodies B. Cytotoxic T cells C. Self-antigens D. Helper T cells A. Antibodies A 20-year-old female is applying for nursing school and is required to be tested for immunity against several illnesses. Testing that looks at which of the following would be the best to determine immunity? A. Culture and sensitivity B. Agglutination C. Precipitation D. Titer D. Titer When the immunoglobulin crosses the placenta, what type of immunity does the fetus receive? A. Active B. Passive C. Innate D. Cell-mediated B. Passive Which of the following individuals would be at greatest risk for an opportunistic infection? A. 18-year-old with diabetes B. 70-year-old with congestive heart failure C. 24-year-old who is immunocompromised D. 3 0 - year-old with pneumonia C. 24-year-old who is immunocompromised A 5-month-old child is admitted to the hospital with recurring respiratory infections. A possible cause of this condition is: A. Hypergammaglobulinemia B. Increased maternal IgG C. Immune insufficiency D. Decreased maternal antibody breakdown, resulting in hyposensitivity C. Immune insufficiency

When a patient asks the nurse what hypersensitivity is, how should the nurse respond? Hypersensitivity is best defined as: A. A reduced immune response found in most pathologic states B. A normal immune response to an infectious agent C. An excessive or inappropriate response of the immune system to a sensitizing antigen D. Antigenic desensitization C. An excessive or inappropriate response of the immune system to a sensitizing antigen A 5-year-old female takes a hike through the woods during a school field trip. Upon returning home, she hugs her father, and he later develops poison ivy. Which of the following immune reactions is he experiencing? A. IgE-mediated B. Tissue specific C.Immune complex D. Cell-mediated D. Cell-mediated When the maternal immune system becomes sensitized against antigens expressed by the fetus, what type of immune reaction occurs? A. Autoimmune B. Anaphylaxis C. Alloimmune D. Allergic C. Alloimmune A 10-year-old male is stung by a bee while playing in the yard. He begins itching and develops pain, swelling, redness, and respiratory difficulties. He is suffering from: A. Immunodeficiency B. Autoimmunity C. Anaphylaxis D. Tissue-specific hypersensitivity C. Anaphylaxis A 10-year-old male presents to his primary care provider reporting wheezing and difficulty breathing. History reveals that both of the child's parents suffer from allergies. Which of the following terms would be used to classify the child? A. Desensitized B. Atopic C. Hyperactive D. Autoimmune B. Atopic A 30-year-old female presents to her primary care provider reporting fatigue, excessive sweating, and increased appetite. Physical examination reveals protruding eyes, and laboratory testing reveals

b. Most causes of hypothyroidism are due to secondary causes c. Hashimoto's Disease is an example of primary hypothyroidism d. It is possible to see a goiter with hypothyroidism b. Most causes of hypothyroidism are due to secondary causes A patient who was recently diagnosed with Grave's disease states she was told the dysfunction was in the thyroid itself. As her nurse, you understand that the patient is describing... a. Secondary hyperthyroidism b. Primary hyperthyroidism c. Secondary hypothyroidism d. Primary hypothyroidism b. Primary hyperthyroidism Which of the following are symptoms of hyperthyroidism? Select all that apply. a. Nervousness and irritability. b. Decreased heart rate c. Heat intolerance and increased sweating. d. Weight gain. e. Exophthalmos. a. Nervousness and irritability. e. Exophthalmos. The alpha- and beta-thalassemias are inherited in an _____ fashion. a. autosomal recessive b. autosomal dominant c. X-linked recessive d. X-linked dominant a. autosomal recessive A patient has been researching telomere caps on the internet. Which statement indicates the patient has a good understanding? The presence of telomere caps gives cancer cells: A. The ability to divide over and over again B. Clonal distinction C. Limited mitosis D. Mutation abilities A. The ability to divide over and over again Of the following genetic lesions that cause cancer, which is the most common? A. Insertions B. Deletions

C. Point mutations D. Amplification C. Point mutations A nurse recalls the basic components of DNA are: A. Pentose sugars and four phosphate bases B. A phosphate molecule, deoxyribose, and four nitrogenous bases C. Adenine, guanine, and purine D. Codons, oxygen, and cytosine B. A phosphate molecule, deoxyribose, and four nitrogenous bases A DNA strand has a region with the sequence ATCGGATC. Which of the following would be a complementary strand? A. CGATACGT B. TAGCCTAG C. TUGCCTUG D. UAGCCUAG B. TAGCCTAG A biologist is explaining how RNA directs the synthesis of protein. Which process is the biologist describing? A. Termination B. Transcription C. Translocation D. Translation D. Translation When discussing DNA replication, which enzyme is most important? A. RNA polymerase B. Transfer RNA C. Messenger RNA D. DNA polymerase D. DNA polymerase Which of the following mutations have the most significant effect on protein synthesis? A. Base pair substitutions B. Silent mutations C. Intron mutations D. Frameshift mutations

A patient wants to know the risk factors for down syndrome. What is the nurse's best response? A. Fetal exposure to mutagens in the uterus B. Increased paternal age C. Family history of Down syndrome D. Pregnancy in women over age 35 D. Pregnancy in women over age 35 An XXY person asks the nurse what this genetic disorder is called. What is the nurse's best response? This disorder is _____ syndrome. A. Turner B. Klinefelter C. Down D. Fragile X B. Klinefelter What is the diagnosis of a 13-year-old female who has a karyotype that reveals an absent homologous X chromosome with only a single X chromosome present? Her features include a short stature, widely spaced nipples, reduced carrying angle at the elbow, and sparse body hair. A. Down syndrome B. Cri du chat syndrome C. Turner syndrome D. Klinefelter syndrome C. Turner syndrome A 5-year-old male presents with mental retardation and is diagnosed with fragile X syndrome. When the parents ask what caused this, how should the geneticist respond? This was most probably caused from: A. Translocation B. Inversion C. Nondisjunction D. Duplication at fragile sites D. Duplication at fragile sites A couple has three offspring: one child with an autosomal dominant disease trait and two who are normal. The father is affected by the autosomal dominant disease, but the mother does not have the disease gene. What is the recurrence risk of this autosomal dominant disease for their next child? A. 50% B. 33%

C. 25%

D. Impossible to determine A. 50% An aide asks the nurse why people who have neurofibromatosis will show varying degrees of the disease. Which genetic principle should the nurse explain to the aide? A. Penetrance B. Expressivity C. Dominance D. Recessiveness B. Expressivity When a patient asks what causes cystic fibrosis, how should the nurse respond? Cystic fibrosis is caused by an _____ gene. A. X-linked dominant B. X-linked recessive C. Autosomal dominant D. Autosomal recessive D. Autosomal recessive A patient, age 9, is admitted to a pediatric unit with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. When planning care the nurse recalls the patient inherited this condition through a _____ trait. A. Sex-linked dominant B. Sex-influenced C. Sex-limited D. Sex-linked recessive D. Sex-linked recessive A child is born with blue eyes (bb). The child's mother has blue eyes and the father has brown eyes. Which of the following represents the father? A. bb B. Bb C. BB D. Bbb B. Bb A child is diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. History reveals that the child's parents are siblings. Cystic fibrosis was most likely the result of: A. X inactivation

C. Mother to baby D. Sharing needles B. Saliva What receptor does HIV need to bind onto a cell? A. Reverse Transcriptase B. Integrase C. COQ D. CD D. CD What are the primary target cells for HIV? ACD8+ cytotoxic T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells CD4+ helper T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells Only CD4+ helper T cells Only CD8+ cytotoxic T cells B. CD4+ helper T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells About how long after initial infection will acute symptoms manifest? A. 3 to 4 days B. One year C. Immediately D. 2 to 4 weeks D. 2 to 4 weeks The hallmark of most infectious diseases is: A. Itching B. Cough C. Rash D. Fever D. Fever After exposure to an antigen in a vaccine, what type of immunity will you gain? A. Innate immunity B. Artificial Passive Immunity C. Hyperactive immunity D. Artificial Active immunity D. Artificial Active immunity

Choose the right answer that fits passive immunity A. Provides protection for a short time B. It is only acquired artificially C. It is only acquired naturally D. Provides protection for a long time A. Provides protection for a short time Which of the following statements is true about Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) A. It can be taken months after exposure B. It should not be used in emergency situations C. It is not a substitute for regular prevention D. It should be taken regularly C. It is not a substitute for regular prevention Which osteoporosis bone scan diagnosis only osteoporosis and not fractures? A. DEXA B. X-ray C. Ultrasound D. MRI A. DEXA Which is NOT a common sign of osteoporosis? A. Rib fractures B. Kyphosis C. Muscle weakness D. Back pain C. Muscle weakness Regarding Myasthenia Gravis, over 50% of cases include symptoms involving muscles of the ........... A. Face B. Throat C. Neck D. Eye D. Eye Which type of exercise is NOT helpful in reducing the risk of osteoporosis? A. Running B. Weightlifting

C. Factor VIII D. Thrombin C. Factor VIII Which Chromosome is the Huntington (HTT) Gene located on? A. Chromosome 2 B. X Chromosome C. Chromosome 4 D. Chromosome 7 C. Chromosome 4