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HIEU 2031- Final Exam questions and answers
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Pausanias - ✅✅A Spartan commander of the Hellenic League after the Persian War around 470's BC. He showed Spartan favoritism and treated other allies poorly and acted like a Persian. As a result, the Greeks approached the Athenians to assume leadership of the naval force. This was the beginning of tensions b/t Athenians and Spartans that led to the Peloponnesian War. Eurymedon River - ✅✅located in Southern Asia Minor. It is the place where Cimon's Athenian forces badly beat Persian forces in 466/7 BC. The victory here threatened the Delian League and encouraged defections and probably played a role in the revolt on the island of Thasos b/c Thasos wondered why pay tribute to a League against Persia when they aren't a threat anymore. Delian League - ✅✅An alliance led by Athens that began in 477 BC designed to fight the Persians, however this league led to the creation of an Athenian Empire. Athens growing power causes tensions with Sparta and leads to the Peloponnesian War Thasos - ✅✅It's an island located off of Thrace. In 465 BC, it revolted against the Athenians over arguments about the mines of Thrace. The revolt was put down and from then on Thasians were force to pay their tribute to the Delian league in money rather than in ships. This conversion of tribute payments from ships to money sent the message that Athens was converting the naval alliance into an empire. End of Cimon's rule b/c he was suspected of having taken bribes from the Thracians.
Carystus - ✅✅Located in Southwest Euboea. In the 470s BC, the Athenians and their allies sailed against them and compelled the city to join the Delian League. This event demonstrated that Athens ruled the sea and was converting the naval alliance into an empire. Piraeus - ✅✅The port of Athens. It was protected by Long Walls, built in 459 BC, making the whole town impossible to besiege by land which helped defend themselves against the Corinthian invasion. Cimon, son of Miltiades - ✅✅An Athenian who led the Delian League with Aristides. He had pro-Spartan views and in the 460's he led an expedition to help Spartan put down a revolt. However, this expedition ended up harming relations b/t Athens and Sparta, Cimon was ostracized which left room open for democracy to flourish in Athens. In 451, he returns to Athens and makes peace with the Peloponnesian. Dies in 450, which leads to Peace of Callias in 449. Ephialtes - ✅✅An Athenian who led a coalition against Cimon in the 460's BC. He wanted to break with Sparta and further the growth of democracy. He is significant because he led many democratic reforms, like diminishing the power of the Council of Areopagus, within Athens before his assassination. Aristides - ✅✅An Athenian who led the Delian League with Cimon. He was responsible for assessing each states appropriate contribution to the League treasury, created in 477 BC. His role demonstrated the important concept of "money+ships=power" that allowed for the growing power of Athens during this time. Naxos - ✅✅An island in the Delian League. In 467 BC, they decided that they wanted to leave the league, the Athenians forcibly prevented its withdraw, confiscated its fleet and ordered them henceforth to pay their tribute in money
Acropolis - ✅✅Hill in a city, protected on a fortified citadel from which lookouts could see far into distance. Spiritual focus of Athens. Persian invasion of 480 BC destroyed the monuments and statues, rubble was used during Pericles' construction, funded by Delian League. Pindar - ✅✅A lyric poet in the 6th-century before the rise of democracy. His work celebrated the value and achievements of aristocrats. He took the stance that merit was inherited and that men of worth spring from illustrious families that can trace their origins to divine ancestors. His work was often quotes by Plato in his speculations about the highest human virtue. (522-443 BC) Aristophanes - ✅✅A comic dramatist born in 444 BC. He wrote comedies such as The Birds, The Wasps, and the Clouds, in which the intellectuals of Athens are derided as teaching a corrosive rhetoric that made a mockery of decent values. He was one of the critics of the sophist teachings dokimasia - ✅✅scrutiny Athenian citizens had to undergo before assuming a position in the government. Areas investigated included proper treatment of parents b/c proper bearing towards parents was crucial for the smooth functioning of society. Political enemies often used this procedure as a means of keeping a man out of public office Pericles' Citizenship Law - ✅✅Created in 451 BC, it limited Athenian citizenship to those who parents were both Athenian, The instance that Athenians marry only those of their own state eliminated a powerful source of connectedness among poleis thus fostering a sense of separateness that frequently led to war
Erechtheion - ✅✅A temple on the Athenian acropolis built between 421- 406 BC and was sacred to Poseidon, Athena, and Athenian King Erechteus. Structures such as this created under Pericles' building program confirmed Athenian support in their empire but also led to criticism for the diversion of league funds to the aesthetic improvement of the hegemonic city. Phidias - ✅✅Greatest sculpture of the gods born in 480 BC, created huge gold and ivory statue of Zeus at Olympia, which is considered one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Also built bronze Athena statue in front of the parthenon in late 400s BC. Demonstrated how the Athenians were using tribute from the Delian league to pay for the beautification of their poleis. Pnyx - ✅✅a hill where the Athenian assembly met in the 5th century. It was a significant place of Athenian democracy where Athenian citizens could help play a role in determining the future of the peninsula Aeschylus - ✅✅he was the first of the famous tragedians of Athens living from 525 - 456 BC. Tragic drama was perfected by him and became one of the defining art forms of Greek civilization. He used his tragedies to comment on politics of the time, like Orestia was used to support the reforms of Ephialtes. banausic - ✅✅derogatory term used by aristocrats to describe the manual work performed indoors and over a hot furnace. Looked down on because of its connection with slaves and women by leisured class, those who has a choice didn't want to do work that made them subject to the command of others hetaira - ✅✅woman of higher status, not a buyable prostitute, more of a companion. More cultivate than citizen women, functions as mistresses, wives, or prostitutes. Participated actively in intellectual life of male associates. Pericles'
Pericles - ✅✅(495-429 BC) Athenian imperialist advocate who was reelected many times as a strategos and limited citizenship through his Citizenship Law in
- Exercised high influence over ekklesia, skills primarily in formulating policy and persuading members of ekklesia to vote proposals into law Athena Promachos - ✅✅giant bronze statue of Athena in front of the Parthenon, 30ft tall holding shield and spear. Sculpted by Phidias in the late 456 BC. Money to make it came from the Delian league tribute "First" Peloponnesian War - ✅✅(460-445 BC) Peloponnesian League and Thebes v. Athens and Argos. The war consisted of a series of conflicts and minor wars, such as the Second Sacred War. There were several causes for the war, including the building of the Athenian long walls, Megara's defection from Sparta, and the envy and concern felt by Sparta and the growth of the Athenian Empire. The result was an arrangement between Sparta and Athens ratified by the "Thirty Years' Peace." The Peloponnesian League won the war and the results were the maintaining of the status quo: Athens rules the sea and Sparta the land Egyptian Expedition - ✅✅In an attempt to expand the Athenian empire, Pericles persuaded the Athenians to send ships to Egypt which had rebelled against King Artaxerxes. The Athenians were defeated in 454 BC by the Persians in Egypt which caused them to enter into a five years' truce with Sparta. This loss caused great loss in morale as well as loss in life. Thirty Years' Peace - ✅✅signed between Athens and Sparta, in 446/5 BC. The treaty brought an end to the conflict commonly known as the First Peloponnesian War, which was raging since 460. The purpose was to prevent another outbreak of war, but this failed. The treaty only lasted 15 years. The Potedaean affair and the Athenian trade sanctions against Megara prompted Sparta to declare that Athens violated the Treaty, and declared war. At this point the peace was over, and the second Peloponnesian war began
Epidamnus - ✅✅431. One of the sparks that started the Second Peloponnesian War. Colony of Corcyra in northwest Greece. A civil war broke out between Corcyra and Corinth. The polis had a democratic faction take over and the aristocrats asked for help from Corcyra (their mother colony) who refused, went on to ask Corinth for help, who agreed, which made Corcyra mad and hence Corinth and Corcyra got in a fight, Athens backed Corcyra and Sparta backed Corinth Samian Revolt - ✅✅441. Samos and Miletus got into a dispute. Athens stepped in and said Samos should listen to Miletus, which angered the Samians and they revolted. Athens easily drove out the oligarchic government of Samos and installed a garrison in the city, but the oligarchs soon returned, with Persian support. The result was an Athenian victory. they fell in 439, making a naval base out of their island Megarian Decree - ✅✅432. Created by Pericles to punish the Megarians for revolting. Prohibited the Megarians merchants from using any ports in Athens. Thucydides considered the megarian decree as a pretext for the war, but most athenians later saw it as the actual case of the Peloponnesian war Megara - ✅✅Sits between Corinth and Argos. Their desertion from the Spartan-dominated Peloponnesian League (c. 460) became one of the causes of the First Peloponnesian War. By the terms of the Thirty Years' Peace of 446- 445 BC Megara was returned to the Peloponnesian League. Also one of the causes of the Second Peloponessian War from the Megarian Decree. Peace of Callias - ✅✅treaty established around 449 BC between the Delian League and Persia, ending the Persian Wars. This treaty was negotiated by the Athenian politician Callias. It gave autonomy to Ionian states in Asia Minor,
hegemon - ✅✅the consistent dominance or influence of one group, state, or ideology over others. Athens was the hegemon of the Delian League and Sparta was the hegemon of the Peloponnesian League. Sparta and Athens disputed over who was the hegemon of all of Greece Thurii - ✅✅444/3. An Athenian colony in southern Italy. A Panhellenic colony that demonstrated Athenian commitment to a spirit of cooperation and goodwill. Athens potentially used the polis as an attempt to spite Corinth by disguising imperialism as Panhellenic colonization Corcyra - ✅✅One of the sparks that started the Second Peloponnesian War. colony of Corinth. A dispute developed between Corinth and Corcyra, and Corcyra sought alliance with Athens. In 433, when Corinth attacked Corcyra, Athens had to defend Corcyra thus pulling Sparta into the war. The war was soon between Sparta and Athens. Thucydides writes that Corcyra was one of the three great naval powers in 5th century along with Athens and Corinth Sybota - ✅✅fall of 433. The naval battle between the Cocyraens and the Corinthians. The Athenians attempted to stay back in order to keep peace with the Peloponnesian, but ended up fighting due to their defensive alliance with Corcyra. This breaks the Thirty Years Peace treaty. One of the causes for the Second Peloponnesian War. The result was a stalemate, both Corinth and Corcyra claimed victory Mytilene - ✅✅revolted against Athens in 428 BC but was overcome by an Athenian expeditionary force. The Athenian public assembly voted to massacre all the men of the city and to sell the women and children into slavery but changed its mind the next day. A fast trireme sailed to the polis to cancel the massacre after Diodotus proposal that opposed Cleon's initial plan won in the assembly
demagogue - ✅✅leader who exploits popular prejudices and false claims/ promises in order to gain power. Cleon and Alcibiades are known as a notorious demagogues Nicias - ✅✅(470-413) an Athenian general during the Peloponnesian War who wanted peace. He was a member of the Athenian aristocracy. After the death of Pericles in 429, he became the principal rival of Cleon and the democrats in the struggle for the political leadership in the Athenian state.He was a moderate and opposed the aggressive imperialism of the democrats. His principal aim was to conclude a peace with Sparta as soon as it could be obtained on terms favorable to Athens. He was chosen to lead the Sicilian campaign. Executed at Syracuse Brasidas - ✅✅(dies 422 BC) was a Spartan officer during the first decade of the Peloponnesian War. According to Thucydides, he was a very courageous Spartan with virtues that most Spartans lacked. He was quick in forming his plans and carried them out without delay or hesitation. He won the city of Amphipolis and defended it, but died in the final confrontation Revolution at Corcyra - ✅✅427 BC. Oligarchic revolution within the city-state that involved Athens trying to gain some control and influence within the struggle. the Corcyraeans were engaged in butchering those of their fellow- citizens whom they regarded as their enemies: and although the crime imputed was that of attempting to put down the democracy, some were slain also for private hatred, others by their debtors-->Thucydides proof that human nature is bad herm - ✅✅a squared stone pillar with a carved head on top (typically of Hermes), used in Ancient Greece as a boundary marker or a signpost. In 415 BC, on a night shortly before the Athenian fleet was about to set sail for Syracuse during the Peloponnesian War, all of the Athenian hermai were vandalized.
Demosthenes. The battle here began after an Athenian fleet had been driven ashore at Pylos by a storm, and, at the instigation of Demosthenes, the Athenian soldiers fortified the peninsula, and a small force was left there when the fleet departed again. The establishment of an Athenian garrison in Spartan territory frightened the Spartan leadership, and the Spartan army, which had been ravaging Attica under the command of Agis, ended their expedition (the expedition only lasted 15 days) and marched home, while the Spartan fleet at Corcyra sailed to Pylos. he Spartans attacked where Demosthenes had expected, and the Athenians were faced with simultaneous assaults from land and sea. Athenians won Battle of Amphipolis - ✅✅fought in 422 BC during the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta. It was the culmination of events that began in 425 BC with the capture of Amphipolis by the Spartans. Decisive Spartan victory. After the battle, neither the Athenians nor the Spartans wanted to continue the war (Cleon and Brasidas being the most hawkish members from each side, who both died during the battle), and the Peace of Nicias was signed in 421 BC. This treaty was also eventually broken. Thucydides was exiled for his failure to protect Amphipolis, thus ending the period of the war in which he directly participated. Delium - ✅✅Battle that took place in 424 BC, during the Peloponnesian War. It was fought between the Athenians and the Boeotians, who were allies of the Spartans, and ended with the siege of Delium in the following weeks. The result was a Boeotian victory. Socrates was an infantryman at this battle Gylippus - ✅✅Spartan general of the 5th century BC who defeats Nicias in Syracuse during the Athens' Sicilian expedition in 416 BC. He met his downfall in a financial scandal. Entrusted by Lysander with a treasure of silver coins for delivery to the ephors at Sparta, he could not resist the temptation to embezzle part of the shipment. Upon discovery of his theft, he fled Sparta and went into exile. He was condemned to death. Showed significance of Sparta's monetary policy-->even a great Spartan general could be corrupted by the allure of money
Lamachus - ✅✅Professional general (435-420s BC) who was the 3rd member of Sicilian campaign with Alcibiades and Nicias. Came up with an aggressive proposal that Athenians should attack immediately vs. Alcibiades proposal that consisted of gathering allies around Sicily prior to engagement, which won. Experts suggest that Lamachus's strategy might have concluded in a victory for Athens, instead of the disaster that ensued. Died in the expedition. Alciabiades - ✅✅(450-404 BC) Athenian nobleman who persuaded assembly to embark on the Sicilian expedition. A well-connected man often associated with controversy, was banished from Athens many times. During the course of the Peloponnesian War, Alcibiades changed his political allegiance several times. In his native Athens in the early 410s BC, he advocated an aggressive foreign policy and was a prominent proponent of the Sicilian Expedition, but he fled to Sparta after his political enemies brought charges of sacrilege against him. In Sparta, he served as a strategic adviser, proposing or supervising several major campaigns against Athens. In Sparta too, however, Alcibiades soon made powerful enemies and felt forced to defect to Persia. Eventually his Athenian political allies brought about his recall where he then served as an Athenian general (strategos) for several years until his enemies exiled him for a second time. Murdered in Thrace Aristophanes' Acharnians - ✅✅third play and the earliest of the 11 surviving plays by Athenian playwright Aristophanes. Produced in 425 BC. The play is known for its absurd humor, its imaginative appeal for an end to the Peloponnesian War, and the authors's spirited response to condemnations of his previous play, The Babylonians. Cleon - ✅✅(died in 422 BC) Athenian general during the Peloponnesian War who succeeded Pericles, regarded as a demagogue and a "hawk" who wanted Athens to be more aggressive. He died in battle, but not before some controversial decisions such as threatening Mytilene
Aristophanes' Peace - ✅✅A play written by Aristophanes right before the Peace of Nicias was validated (421 BC), which was promised to end the ten-year- old Peloponnesian War. The play is notable for its joyous anticipation of peace for its celebration of a return to an idyllic life in the countryside. However, it also sounds a note of caution, there is bitterness in the memory of lose opportunities and the ending is not happy for everyone. Decelea - ✅✅the Spartan fort in northeast Attica built by Agis in 413 as a result of instigation from Alcibiades. Allowed the Spartans to ravage Attica all year long. The Spartan stronghold put pressure on the Athenians Battle of Notium - ✅✅407. After the return of Alcibiades, the Athenians lost 22 ships to Lysander at Notium. Alcibiades is exiled after this and goes to his castle in Gallipoli Tissaphernes - ✅✅A satrap of Sardis. Supported the Spartans. Persuaded the Spartans to sell out the freedom of cities of Ionia. Eventually was persuaded by Alcibiades in 411 to give up support of the Spartans and potentially switch to the Athenian side. The one condition was that Athens had to become oligarchic. Eventually the 400 was installed but Persian support fell through. Theramenes - ✅✅one of the leaders of the oligarchs in 411 BC. An enemy of Lysias. One of the 30 tyrants. He was executed in 404 by an extremist group of the other tyrants. He arranged the terms of Athens' surrender to Sparta which created the 30 tyrants. Agis - ✅✅
Cleophon - ✅✅Athenian statesman known for rejecting peace offerings from Spartans staunch democrat decarchy - ✅✅Boards of 10 pro-Spartan officials designed to ensure that Athens' former allies were now governed in accordance with oligarchic principles. Established by Lysander after the Peloponnesian war in a number of cities of the former Athenian empire. The decarchies had absolute authority in their cities and were responsible for maintaining the cities' loyalty to Sparta during the last years of the 5th century and the early 390s Empedocles - ✅✅ 493 - 433. a greek pre-socratic philosopher. He put forth a cosmology theory of four basic elements: earth, water, air, and fire. It remained the basic orthodoxy of western science until modern times. Shows the explosion and progression of Greek scientific thinking in the 5th century. Euripides - ✅✅ 485 - 406. Athenian tragedian, author of Medea and "the Trojan Women," which showed the misery that war brings. Explored the dynamics of conflict between reason and passion. Reflects the conflict of the Peloponnesian war which broke out right as the play was being produced. Shows the cultural boom in Athens during the 5th century. Eromenos - ✅✅6th-5th century. the younger participant in the homosexual relationship between him and Erases. This bond stabilized society by encouraging each generation to imitate the one that had gone before. An essential part to formal education along with the sophist movement in Greece. Socrates - ✅✅ 470 - 399. An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes Identified the drawbacks of democracy and taught oligarchs, Alcibiades and Critias. He was part of famous
Cyrus the Younger - ✅✅(died in 401) Persian prince and general, satrap of Asia Minor, tried to kill his brother Artaxerxes II at Coronation, battle vs. Artaxerses, where Artaxerxes won. Cyrus was killed. Lysander - ✅✅(died 395). Spartan admiral who commanded the Spartan fleet in the Hellespont which defeated the Athenians at Aegospotami in 405 BC. The following year, he was able to force the Athenians to capitulate, bring the Peloponnesian War to an end. He organized the dominion of Sparta over Greece in the last decade of his life. Made alliance with Persians Battle of Arginusae - ✅✅406. Huge battle. 8 of 10 Athenian generals were present. The Athenians won, but a storm destroyed 75 ships and 4,000 sailors. The generals were put on trial and 6 out of 10 were executed for not rescuing the sailors. Sparta offers peace and to give up Decelea, but the Athenians reject the offer. Used by Socrates in his trial because he opposed the execution of the generals. harmost - ✅✅the military governor left as the head of the decarchies after the end of the Peloponnesian War (404 BC). Sparta introduced them when Athens was behaving like tyrants during the reign of the 30. Part of the new democracy. Hippocrates - ✅✅ 460 - 377. Greek physician. He is considered to be the father of modern medicine and the ethical standard of treating all patients known as the Hippocratic oath. He sounded the Hippocratic School of Medicine that revolutionized medicine in Ancient Greece and established medicine as a profession. sophist - ✅✅a plausible but deliberately misleading or fallacious argument designed to deceive someone. Came around the 5th century because the skills
needed for the democracy of Athens attracted them to Athens. Masters of intellect, but more importantly rhetoric. Shared an enthusiasm for argumentation nomos - ✅✅5th century. Greek law or custom. The concept of law in Ancient Greece philosophy. The problems of political authority and the rights and obligations of citizens were a major concern in the thought of the leading Greek Sophists of the late 5th and early 4th centuries. They distinguished between nature (physis) and convention (nomos), putting laws in the latter category The Old Oligarch (=[Xenophon]) - ✅✅5th century. In the Constitution of the Athenians, the Old Oligarch explored the workings of Athenian democracy. The author, who appears to be an Athenian, regards the Athenian democracy as undesirable because gives too much power to the poor. But, he argues that democracy is well-designed for its purpose. The rich and the aristocracy of Athens are better qualified to run the state due to their wealth and education. In the early-20th century, evidence against Xenopohon's authorship became the majority view and now the author is usually called pseudoscience-Xenophone, or the Old Oligarch, based on the anti-democratic tone of the work. kleroterion - ✅✅randomization device used by the Athenian polis during the period of democracy (5th century BC) to select citizens to the boule, to most state offices, to the nomothetai and to court juries. It was a slab of stone incited with rows of slots and with an attached tube. Citizens' tokens were placed in the slots and the tube was filled with different-colored dice. Conon - ✅✅(before 444 BC-after 394 BC) was an ancient general at the end of the Peloponnesian War, who led the Athenian naval forces when they were defeated by a Peloponnesian fleet in the crucial Battle of Aegospotami. Later he contributed significantly to the restoration of Athens' political and military power. Rebuilt the Athenian long walls with the spoils of the Battle of Cnidus.
