Historical Background - Conditional Learning - Lecture Slides, Slides of Learning processes

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Introduction

• Historical Background
• Five schools of behaviorism

Defining Learning

• a relatively permanent change in

knowledge or behavior that results

from experience.

• (behavior: any activity that can be

either directly or indirectly

observed)

Two Basic Types of Learning

• Operant conditioning
  • Strengthening or weakening of a voluntary behavior because of its consequences

Behavior (dog sits)

Scolding

Praise

Nothing

Behavior Increases or decreases

Food

Reinforcers Docsity.com

Skinner Box (Conditioning Box)

Historical Background

• Descartes
  • Mind-body dualism
• British empiricists
  • Tabula rasa

Historical Background

• Structuralism
  • Introspection
• Functionalism

• Used experimental approach
  • 2 groups of questioners
    • Group 1 knew the answers
    • Group 2 did not know the answers
• Hans only answered correctly when

questioners knew the answers

Clever Hans, the clever horse

An Investigation

• Conclusion:
  • Hans was receiving some type of information from questioners
  • Hans had been unintentionally conditioned by his owner
• Impact:
  • Scientists more skeptical of mental processes in animals But…
  • Provided proof that animals were capable of learning

Clever Hans, the clever horse

An Investigation

Watson’s Life (1878-1958)

• 1920: Scandal
  • Affair with student Rosalie Rayner
  • Watson forced to resign
• Moved into advertising

Five schools of behaviorism

• Watsonian behaviorism
• Neobehaviorism: Hull
  • Intervening variables
• Cognitive Neobehaviorism: Tolman
  • Cognitive map
  • Latent learning
• Social Learning Theory: Bandura
  • Reciprocal determinism
• Radical Behaviorism: Skinner